tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-63199514711655663012024-03-05T04:12:22.935-09:00Sketches of AlaskaRay Bonnell's art and ramblings across Alaska <p></p>Ray Bonnellhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15460854741609901809noreply@blogger.comBlogger596125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6319951471165566301.post-69782591938590357062021-03-09T16:11:00.000-09:002021-03-09T16:11:31.593-09:00Tall caches were once common in Alaska<p> </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_XNTykLabvARcrfwW9L9RyadkuWUtwGRF_p4HCnEq9HCggGzHTboIDsMRsTpJR6QDyMnLPqcXdd8UiNHQjWngNIOKv-tbNx1260jJdEJpc3Td-zVMdA6NPVoI8OHWJtdo-GwfktGqjrM/s796/Tall+cache+for+blog.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="796" data-original-width="500" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_XNTykLabvARcrfwW9L9RyadkuWUtwGRF_p4HCnEq9HCggGzHTboIDsMRsTpJR6QDyMnLPqcXdd8UiNHQjWngNIOKv-tbNx1260jJdEJpc3Td-zVMdA6NPVoI8OHWJtdo-GwfktGqjrM/w251-h400/Tall+cache+for+blog.jpg" width="251" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Tall cache that used to stand at Pioneer Park in Fairbanks<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p></p><p>In
modern Alaska, elevated storage caches (sometimes called fish or bear
caches) typically consist of small rustic log cabins built atop four
canted legs, above the reach of pilfering animals and attainable only
via removable ladders.</p>
<p>They have become ubiquitous symbols of Alaska — some would say
hackneyed symbols. The folklorist Susan W. Fair, who referred to
these structures as “tall caches,” wrote that well-known Alaska
artist <a href="https://www.scanlongallery.com/pages/byron-birdsall">Byron Birdsall</a> believed depictions of tall caches had become
trite, and for most of his career he refused to paint them. When he
finally did a cache painting, in a play on words he titled the
original watercolor, “The Great Alaska Cliche.” (For sales
purposes the reproduction of the painting was renamed “The Great
Alaska Cache.)</p>
<p>In a 1997 article, “Story, Storage, and Symbol,” Fair states
that Alaska Natives used elevated storage racks prior to western
contact, but that the origin of tall caches — elevated platforms
topped by storage sheds — is debatable. They may have been an
indigenous development, but Fair hypothesizes that tall caches were
probably introduced by Westerners, perhaps on the Kenai Peninsula in
the 1870s. They might also have been brought by the Hudson’s Bay
Company when it established Fort Yukon in 1847.</p>
<p>If tall caches were a Western introduction, they spread quickly.
US Army Lt. Henry Allen’s journal of his 1885 Alaska explorations
includes a drawing of an elevated log-cabin cache built by Ahtna
Athabascans along the Copper River. Also, photos from
turn-of-the-19th-century USGS surveys show tall caches in Native
villages, including one along the Goodpaster River, a tributary of
the Tanana River about 80 miles southeast of Fairbanks.</p>
<p>During an 1896 journey down the Yukon River, USGS geologist Josiah
Spurr’s party built tall caches to protect their supplies while
investigating mining areas. In Spurr’s book, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/44038"><i>Through the Yukon Gold Diggings</i></a>, he explained that the word cache (from the French
cacher — to hide) was first applied to tall caches by French
Canadian voyageurs, who built the structures to temporarily store
supplies. The term was later extended to similar structures built by
North American aboriginal peoples.</p>
<p>Several 1930s ethnographic studies of Alaskan Athabascan groups
describe similarly-constructed tall caches in widely separated
regions, from the Dena’ina of the Kenai Peninsula to the Ingalik of
the lower Yukon River. These caches had walls built from thick planks
split from spruce logs, with gable roofs usually covered with either
spruce or birch bark.</p>
<p>Tall caches are typically supported by four upright spruce poles
sunk into the ground, often tilting inward towards each other. The
legs’ inward cant lends stability to the structure and also makes
it harder for animals to climb the poles. Pole are often peeled to
deter climbing. To further discourage marauders the poles’ upper
portions are sometimes banded with sheet metal. (On older caches the
metal bands were often repurposed food tins.) Some early caches only
had three legs, and occasionally, large caches were supported by six
legs.</p>
<p>In Alaska’s more developed areas tall caches have been
supplanted by freezers and ground-level sheds. In many localities
caches exist merely as decoration. Only “off the grid” or in
areas with high electricity costs do tall caches still retain their
original function.</p>
<p>The cache in the drawing used to stand in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Park_%28Fairbanks,_Alaska%29">Pioneer Park’s</a> Gold
Rush Town, next to the Two Finns cabin. Perhaps dating to when the
park was constructed in 1967, the cache was torn down in about 2013,
a victim of time and decay. Donny Hayes, Pioneer Park’s manager,
told me that the park is not averse to rebuilding the cache if funds
become available. Caches were a part of the early Fairbanks landscape
— maybe someday Gold Rush Town’s tall cache will return.</p>
<p>Sources:</p>
<p>• Conversation with Donny Hayes, Manager of Pioneer Park</p>
<p>• <i>Ingalik Material Culture</i>. Cornelius Osgood. Yale
University Publications. 1940</p>
<p>• “Story, Storage, and Symbol: Functional Cache Architecture,
Cache Narratives, and Roadside Attractions.” Susan W. Fair. In
<i>Perspectives in Vernacular Architecture</i>, Vol. 7. 1997</p>
<p>• <i>The Ethnography of the Tanaina</i>. Cornelius Osgood. Yale
University Publications. 1937</p>
<p>• <i>Through the Yukon Gold Diggings</i>. Josiah Spurr. Eastern
Publishing Company. 1900</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</p>
Ray Bonnellhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15460854741609901809noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6319951471165566301.post-80684111905376512212021-03-08T15:06:00.001-09:002021-03-09T08:14:24.639-09:00World War II-era telephone line still in use in Upper Tanana Valley <p style="line-height: 100%;"> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivvWMhzr3I6RwaynnsDpwdSfEmGlfBldq9usSdECBX9jU0vBWvmp6GvI0e7JpfLRw16FopIkn8_yBF9cxwbZI23xW1Fd9NeZfVrmyXdsjmn2BTDjfZwwoulJybG6BkWpWhhyFGlrySW9s/s500/Alaska+Military+Telephone+Line+for+blog.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="353" data-original-width="500" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivvWMhzr3I6RwaynnsDpwdSfEmGlfBldq9usSdECBX9jU0vBWvmp6GvI0e7JpfLRw16FopIkn8_yBF9cxwbZI23xW1Fd9NeZfVrmyXdsjmn2BTDjfZwwoulJybG6BkWpWhhyFGlrySW9s/s16000/Alaska+Military+Telephone+Line+for+blog.jpg" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A portion of the Alaska Military Telephone Line along the Alaska Highway near the Canadian border<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /></p><p style="line-height: 100%;">The <a href="https://sketchesofalaska.blogspot.com/2012/03/relics-of-alaska-highway-construction.html">Alaska Highway</a>, built in 1942, was not the only World War II-era
construction project linking Alaska with the rest of North America.
The <a href="http://www.sitnews.us/1017News/102717/102717_ak_highway.html">Alaska Military Telephone Line</a> (AMTL), stretching 2,020 miles
from Edmonton, Alberta, to Fairbanks was also built during that
period.</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%;">According to the book <i>U.S. Army In
World War II; The Signal Corps, The Test</i>, three communications
technologies were incorporated into the project: radio, telephone and
teletype. Radio, the most portable, followed Alaska Highway
construction crews into the field. However, because of atmospheric
and magnetic interference at higher latitudes, radio was not always
reliable. Consequently, a telephone and teletype line paralleling the
highway was also planned.</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%;">Because of wartime demands, U.S. Army
Signal Corps personnel (normally responsible for building such
systems) were needed elsewhere and could not be spared for the
project. Private contractors built much of the line.</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%;">The line was approved for construction
in June 1942. However, planning consumed the next five months and
work could not start until November, about the time
the Alaska Highway officially opened.</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%;">The first section of AMTL, from Edmonton
to Dawson Creek, British Columbia, was perhaps the most difficult to
build. Frigid winter conditions meant workers had to bore holes in
frozen soil to install poles. Crews were also missing crucial
supplies. For instance, 400 miles of poles were installed before
crews received crossbars on which to attach the wire.</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%;">There were also unanticipated design
changes. During World War II copper was designated a strategic raw
material, and the War Production Board disapproved the use of
all-copper wire for the AMTL, substituting copper-clad steel wire
instead. The substituted wire did not provide the same long-distance
transmission characteristics, so additional repeater stations were
needed.</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%;">Myriad other problems delayed
construction, including lumber shortages, freak weather conditions,
and lack of worker housing. To meet a Dec. 1 deadline for getting the
first section operational, only a skeletal system was installed
(which required augmentation before proceeding further).</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%;">The schedule called for completing the
next section, as far as Whitehorse, Yukon Territory by May 1.
Correcting deficiencies in the original line, as well as the
winter-time construction, slowed line-work considerably. By the end
of January 1943, it became evident that the only way to ensure the
project’s timely completion was to bring in Signal Corps troops. On
March 1, the 255th Signal Construction Company left San Francisco.
Corps of Engineer troops were temporarily pressed into service until
the Signal Corp troops arrived.</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%;">The second section was completed three
weeks later than anticipated, on May 22. On that day a call was
placed over the line from Whitehorse to Washington D.C..</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%;">In early summer 1943 work started on the
final section. Weather was favorable and work progressed rapidly
along most of the route. There was one 50-mile stretch of
particularly bad road just east of the Canada border, however. Corps
of Engineer crews had punched through that road section during the
previous winter when the ground was frozen. Troops had simply scraped
off the insulating muskeg and graded the underlying frozen ground.
When the ground thawed in the spring the road became a seemingly
bottomless bog. It took a 20-man Signal Corps detachment, supplied by
horseback, four weeks to put in that section of line.</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%;">By the middle of October 1943 the line
was completed. Ken Coates book, <i>North to Alaska</i>, mentions that
95,000 poles and 14,000 miles of wire were used in the project.</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%;">Sections of the World War II-era line,
some with poles tilting at crazy angles, can still be seen along the
Alaska Highway in the Upper Tanana River Valley. Portions of the line
are still used for local telephone service.</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%;">Sources:</p>
<ul style="text-align: left;"><li><i>Getting the Message Through, A Branch
History of the U.S. Army Signal Corps</i>. Rebecca Raines. Center of
Military History. 2011</li></ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;"><li><i>North to Alaska, Fifty Years of the
World’s Most Remarkable Highway</i>. Ken Coates. University of
Alaska Press. 1992</li></ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;"><li><i>U.S. Army in World War II: The Signal
Corps: The Test</i>. George Thompson et al. Center of Military
History. 2003</li></ul>
<p> </p>Ray Bonnellhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15460854741609901809noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6319951471165566301.post-53247296370514677732021-03-08T09:09:00.001-09:002021-03-08T09:09:47.194-09:00Cordova is home to one of the oldest federal buildings in Alaska <p> </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNCOllML-AE8a-7srJZ7n9-kFq91kgFkWQVXoaoL-AqFS-0uFWKgmkDKRSPNGz6qnp-6X1DdPTs5jScQ-5YSgdQUeGVfHS8HxVH2oizIB-j13OXSmrS4gXWEIfkQdnzUfgmMiiBDcAKcY/s500/Cordova+Post+Office+for+blog.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="353" data-original-width="500" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNCOllML-AE8a-7srJZ7n9-kFq91kgFkWQVXoaoL-AqFS-0uFWKgmkDKRSPNGz6qnp-6X1DdPTs5jScQ-5YSgdQUeGVfHS8HxVH2oizIB-j13OXSmrS4gXWEIfkQdnzUfgmMiiBDcAKcY/s16000/Cordova+Post+Office+for+blog.jpg" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Cordova's old Post Office and Courthouse building as it looked in 2019<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p></p><p>A 196-mile-long mining railroad, the <a href="http://www.aksalmondipnetting.com/CRNWRy.htm">Copper River and Northwestern Railway</a>, once connected the port of Cordova in Prince William Sound with the copper mines at <a href="https://www.travelalaska.com/Destinations/Communities/Kennicott-McCarthy.aspx">Kennicott</a> in the Wrangell Mountains. The railroad’s final spike was driven on March 29, 1911, and the first load of copper ore arrived at the Cordova docks a little over a week later on April 8. </p><p>After the Kennicott mines began shipping ore, Cordova took its place as one of Alaska’s preeminent cities. The 1920 U.S. census listed Cordova, including Eyak Village, with a population of 1,555, making it the fifth-largest community in Alaska. (Ranked from most populous to least, those five communities were Juneau, Ketchikan, Anchorage, Fairbanks and Cordova.) <br /></p><p>Cordova’s new status as the “premier copper port of the world” brought additional development to town, including construction of a new federal post office and courthouse building. Unfortunately, according to federal records, funding difficulties delayed building construction, and at one point the government mulled eliminating space for the post office to reduce costs. Over a decade passed between the project’s approval in 1913 and its completion in 1924. </p><p>The three-story post office and courthouse building was located at 612 Second St., which was on the edge of early Cordova’s business district. The original building was L-shaped, 49 feet wide across the front facade facing Second Street, and 84-feet deep, with a hipped roof. </p><p>The space for the building’s first floor (which only extends part way beneath the upper stories) was blasted out of the hillside. The ground floor housed the main entrance as well as the heating plant and other utilities. Post office facilities occupied the entire second floor. The courthouse and related offices, and marshal’s office were located on the third floor. </p><p>The building is constructed of poured concrete. The exterior was finished with what is called, “bush hammering,” a technique that roughens the surface giving the concrete a texture mimicking natural stone. </p><p>National Park Service documents indicate that the building’s exterior facade changed little during the building’s tenure as a post office and courthouse. The only major exterior changes were the addition of a permanent marquee over the front entrance, and the enclosure of the loading dock at the rear of the building (just peaking around the right corner of the building in the drawing). </p><p>The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1977. At that time the post office still occupied the second floor, the court system utilized the front of the third floor, and the Forest Service had offices in the former marshal’s office at the rear of the third floor. (The marshal’s office jail cells, along with the bars on their windows, had been removed before the Forest Service moved in.) </p><p>When a new post office facility and new courthouse were constructed in the 1990s, those agencies moved out, and the Forest Service expanded into the rest of the building. The Forest Service rehabilitated the building, replacing all the building’s double-hung windows with energy-efficient replica windows, and constructing a three-story addition to the left of the front entrance to house a handicap access ramp and elevator. </p><p>The interior has been remodeled to suit the needs of the Forest Service, but touches of the old post office and courthouse remain. Several banks of brass and glass mail boxes still stand in the public area on the second floor, and the courtroom on the third floor is unchanged, retaining its original furnishings and other accoutrements. Visitors are welcome. </p><p>Now the headquarters for Chugach National Forest’s Cordova Ranger station, the building is one of the oldest continuously-occupied federal government buildings in Alaska. </p><p>Sources: </p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><i>Congressional Record: Proceedings of the Second Session of the Sixty-sixth Congress</i>. Government Printing Office. 1920 </li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>“Cordova Post Office and Court House Details.” From U.S. Forest Service’s Region 10 (Alaska) web page www.fs.usda.gov/r10 </li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>“Cordova Post Office and Courthouse, National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form.” Lavon Bradshaw, Glenn Mast & Hollis Henrichs. National Park Service. 1977 </li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><i>From Fish and Copper: Cordova’s heritage and buildings</i>. Nicki J. Nielson. Cordova Hisorical Society. 1984 </li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>“Requests for bids for Cordova Post Office.” In <i>The American Contractor</i>. Volume 43, 1922 </li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><i>The Copper Spike</i>. Lone E. Janson. Alaska Northwest Publishing. 1975
</li></ul>Ray Bonnellhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15460854741609901809noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6319951471165566301.post-52978947331689709342021-03-07T11:14:00.001-09:002021-03-09T08:15:12.388-09:00Anchorage’s Holy Family Cathedral grew with the city <p> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNL5c6j61gaNtdhuX71ft2kQNPRfggPZd4tHOrMdfekzxnR1HYIPkFgS0AuLpCc5TaIE4ERSoo1j4HEdXOIEPL0vmFLudtXImXWDIQ0At6abUA-phbiAXLDt6dxLXCP6UW32nsBXc-uDk/s500/Holy+Family+Cathedral+for+blog.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="402" data-original-width="500" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNL5c6j61gaNtdhuX71ft2kQNPRfggPZd4tHOrMdfekzxnR1HYIPkFgS0AuLpCc5TaIE4ERSoo1j4HEdXOIEPL0vmFLudtXImXWDIQ0At6abUA-phbiAXLDt6dxLXCP6UW32nsBXc-uDk/s16000/Holy+Family+Cathedral+for+blog.jpg" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Holy Family Cathedral in 2014<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /></p><p>In
early 1915, anticipating construction of the <a href="http://alaskarails.org/historical/construction/menu.html">Alaska Railroad</a>,
hundreds of job seekers hastily erected a boomtown along Ship Creek
in Upper Cook Inlet. Many in the camp were concerned for the
spiritual needs of the boomtown’s residents. According to the book,
<i>Our First 100 Years, Holy Family Cathedral</i>, a group of
Catholic men petitioned the Catholic Church for a priest for the
budding city. A Jesuit priest from Valdez arrived to investigate, and
based on his report, the Catholic Church authorized purchasing
property at Ship Creek.</p>
<p>The creek-bottom boomtown moved to a permanent townsite on
benchland just south of Ship Creek in early summer of 1915. At the
townsite auction on July 10th, A.J. Wendler (who built Anchorage’s
<a href="http://sketchesofalaska.blogspot.com/search?q=wendler">Wendler Building</a>) bid on two lots at the corner of Sixth Avenue and H
Street for the Catholic Church. The story goes that when bidding
began, he offered all the cash he had on hand, $175. Before the
auctioneer could ask for additional bids, Wendler shouted that the
lots were for a church and hospital. The auctioneer promptly closed
the bidding and awarded the lots to Wendler.</p>
<p>The Catholics erected Anchorage’s first church building, a
wood-frame structure, later that year. Work started in mid-September,
and the first Mass in Holy Family Church was celebrated on Oct. 17th.</p>
<p>By the 1930s the church needed replacement. However, lack of funds
and the exigencies of World War II prevented any work.</p>
<p>Not until 1946 did the parish begin planning for a new church.
Augustine Porrecca, a Seattle architect who assisted Marcus Priteca
in designing Anchorage’s Fourth Avenue Theatre (completed in 1947)
was selected to design the church. Porrecca also designed Anchorage’s
KENI radio building (completed in 1948). Both the Fourth Avenue
Theatre and the KENI building are Art Deco structures, and Porrecca,
sticking with his strengths, produced an Art Deco design for the new
church.</p>
<p>Allison Hoagland’s book, <i>Buildings of Alaska</i>, states that
Porrecca designed a single-story, reinforced-concrete structure with
simple geometric ornamentation. It was 115-feet-long by 40-feet-wide,
with a two-story bell tower at the front corner.</p>
<p>The new building was to be be located at the corner of Fifth
Avenue and H Street, adjacent to the old church. Groundbreaking
occurred on July 24, 1947, and by December work on the basement had
progressed enough to hold Mass. </p>
<p>Construction on the rest of the church proceeded slowly as funds
became available. Work on the structure’s first floor began in June
1948 and the roof was completed by that October. The interior of the
church was not completed until 1952.</p>
<p>The 1964 Good Friday earthquake ushered in major changes for Holy
Family Church. This was not because of damage to the building — the
concrete structure escaped the quake relatively unscathed. However,
when church officials visited Anchorage to access the post-quake
situation, they realized the importance of Anchorage to the future of
Alaska and the Catholic Church.</p>
<p>Based on their observations, the Holy See in Rome established the
Archdiocese of the Metropolitan See of Anchorage on April 14, 1966.</p>
<p>With that change, Holy Family Church became Holy Family Cathedral.</p>
<p>With the church becoming the center of the archdiocese, coupled
with liturgical changes brought about through the Second Vatican
Council (1962-1965), the church building was remodeled in the late
1960s. One of those changes moved the sanctuary’s main entrance,
which was originally on the H Street-side of the bell tower, to the
north side of the building on Fifth Avenue.</p>
<p>The drawing shows this iteration of the church.</p>
<p>The Catholic Church in the Anchorage area has grown to nine
parishes over the years. Our Lady of Guadalupe Church was constructed
in West Anchorage in 2005, and due to its larger facility, it was
elevated to co-cathedral status in 2014. However, Holy Family
Cathedral continues to be the primary church of the archdiocese.</p>
<p><em><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Sources:</span></span></em></p>
<ul style="text-align: left;"><li><em>“</em><em><span style="font-style: normal;">Archdiocese of
Anchorage to celebrate 25th anniversary</span></em><em>.” </em><em><span style="font-style: normal;">In</span></em><em>
Inside Passage. </em><em><span style="font-style: normal;">Vol 22, No.
21, 6-21-1991</span></em></li></ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;"><li><em>Buildings of Alaska,</em><em><span style="font-style: normal;">
Allison K. Hoagland. Oxford University Press. 1993</span></em></li></ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;"><li><em>Mid-Twentieth Century Architecture in Alaska Historic Context
(1945-1968). </em><em><span style="font-style: normal;">Amy Ramirez et
al. National Park Service. 2016</span></em></li></ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;"><li><em><em>Our first 100 Years: Holy
Family Cathedral, Anchorage Alaska</em>. </em><em><span style="font-style: normal;">James
Carns & Teresa White Carns. Holy Family Cathedral. 2015</span></em></li></ul>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</p>
Ray Bonnellhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15460854741609901809noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6319951471165566301.post-25960474491104782792021-02-28T11:27:00.001-09:002021-03-09T08:16:06.435-09:00Fairbanks Aeromedical Lab was a Cold War program to study the Arctic <p> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYP8h8PftD6v-xrcxFHLS76ESNzTzSGdtKrTDq1M3YCVz5V7L26HHJvsbnMoXwObbOA4B8NUsLw8hDnAIZ1v97nDZqNaMpCYQlpViZ4g5Hg6zXXjgg18qwayqC-r8LCQC7sHMZGXhUGmA/s500/AAL+building+for+blog.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="279" data-original-width="500" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYP8h8PftD6v-xrcxFHLS76ESNzTzSGdtKrTDq1M3YCVz5V7L26HHJvsbnMoXwObbOA4B8NUsLw8hDnAIZ1v97nDZqNaMpCYQlpViZ4g5Hg6zXXjgg18qwayqC-r8LCQC7sHMZGXhUGmA/s16000/AAL+building+for+blog.jpg" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
The Arctic Aeromedical Lab building in Fairbanks, now the Fairbanks
offices for the Army Corps of
Engineers’ Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory.</p>
</td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /></p><p>Alaska
has been a U.S. possession since 1867. However, not until the 1930s
and the military build-up just prior to World War II did the federal
government began realizing the territory’s geopolitical
significance.</p>
<p>After the war’s end, with erstwhile ally the Soviet Union
seemingly menacing North America from across the Bering Straits,
Alaska assumed greater import. The U.S. government realized how
little was known about operating military forces in the far north,
and during the mid-1940s it began a series of initiatives to remedy
the nation’s lack of readiness to defend Alaska from trans-Arctic
aggression.</p>
<p>In addition to increasing the U.S. military’s presence in
Alaska, the government began projects to gain scientific knowledge
about the Arctic and man’s ability to operate there. One of those
projects was the Arctic Aeromedical Laboratory (AAL). (Other programs
begun during that period included the Fairbanks Permafrost
Experimental Station, and the <a href="http://pubs.aina.ucalgary.ca/arctic/Arctic1-2-97.pdf">Naval Arctic Research Laboratory</a> at
Point Barrow.)</p>
<p>Originally organized in 1947 at the School of Aviation Medicine at
Randolf Air Force Base in Texas, the AAL quickly relocated to Ladd
Field (then Ladd Air Force Base) in Fairbanks. According to a 1961
brochure, <i>The Arctic Aeromedical Laboratory, its History, Mission,
Environment</i>, the AAL strove “to solve the severe environmental
problems of men living and working in the Arctic.”</p>
<p>During the lab’s early days at Ladd its facilities were based
out of Quonset huts. In 1955 a new facility, consisting of a
three-story main building that housed labs, library, offices and
conference room; a warehouse; and another building that housed a
fabrication shop and “small animal colony,” was completed next to
the base hospital,</p>
<p>The main AAL building, which is eligible for the National Register
of Historic Places, is all that remains. This building, shown in the
drawing, was constructed in a modified “International Style” of
architecture. Developed in Europe during the 1920s and 30s, the
International Style expanded to the U.S. and other regions after
World War II. It was the dominant U.S. architectural style for
government and commercial buildings up to the 1970s.</p>
<p>The International Style, freed from historic and regional
influences and adaptable to varying climates, had truly international
appeal. Its designers eschewed ornamentation, preferring clean
rectilinear lines. Buildings usually featured flat roofs, and
cantilevered design elements were popular. Steel, concrete and glass
were the dominant building materials.</p>
<p>From its base at Ladd Field the AAL conducted medical and other
studies, using both animal and human subjects. Studies were conducted
in Fairbanks, sometimes using two “cold” rooms (which are still
there) in the main building’s basement, and at other sites spread
across the state. An undated history of the AAL entitled, <i>Dispelling
the Cold Bugaboo</i>, contains a map showing 18 research sites beyond
the Fairbanks area—some as far away as St. Lawrence Island, Point
Barrow and Mt. Wrangell.</p>
<p>The lab, during its peak years, was staffed by 25 to 30 military
personnel plus an approximately equal number of civilians. Among
other things, the subjects studied included the effects of short-term
exposure to cold and hypothermia, the process of acclimatizing to
cold environs, frostbite prevention and treatment, the psychological
effects of living and working in the Arctic, water purification and
sewage disposal in the Arctic, development of survival rations, and
testing survival equipment and clothing.</p>
<p>The Air Force transferred Ladd Air Force Base to Army jurisdiction
in 1961. Most Air Force functions were moved to Eielson Air Force
Base, but the AAL remained in Fairbanks. The Air Force began winding
down the lab’s operations in the mid-1960s and the AAL was
deactivated in 1967. </p>
<p>The AAL’s building is now occupied by the Army Corps of
Engineers’ <a href="https://www.erdc.usace.army.mil/Locations/CRREL/">Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory.</a></p>
<p><br />
<br />
</p>
<p>Sources:</p>
<ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Conversations with Elizabeth Cook, Cultural Resources Manager at
Fort Wainwright; and Gary Larsen, Fairbanks Operations Manager for
Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory at Fort Wainwright</li></ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;"><li><i>Dispelling the Cold Bugaboo: A History of the Arctic
Aeromedical Laboratory, 1947-1967</i>. Steven Nickollof. Cultural
Resources Management at Fort Wainwright, no date (c 2015)</li></ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;"><li><i>The Arctic Aeromedical Laboratory: Its History, Mission,
Environment</i>. Arctic Aeromedical Laboratory. 1961</li></ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;"><li>“The Lab and the Land: Overcoming the Arctic in Cold War Alaska.
Matthew Farish. In <i>Isis, Journal of the History of Science
Society</i>. Vol 104. No. 1, March 2013</li></ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Tour of Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory at Fort
Wainwright, formerly the headquarters for the Arctic Aeromedical
Laboratory.</li></ul>
Ray Bonnellhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15460854741609901809noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6319951471165566301.post-84176987021037272262021-02-28T10:53:00.006-09:002021-03-09T08:17:01.096-09:00Potter Section House near Anchorage offers glimpse into history of Alaska Railroad<p> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1bgl65ho4uWIzcoReSeZZ4X9qzjI1EVsuKd_9VFPCgceQkH7TR3V7Dto8LZaIhIY2OrmUpI3Q2N0VgUHVMnyMRLLz-_KYgbL-elzHMIdfhwIVxMeuhDo0aQSSe1l5nR2QUhThxrb2SBo/s500/Potter+Section+House+for+blog.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="353" data-original-width="500" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1bgl65ho4uWIzcoReSeZZ4X9qzjI1EVsuKd_9VFPCgceQkH7TR3V7Dto8LZaIhIY2OrmUpI3Q2N0VgUHVMnyMRLLz-_KYgbL-elzHMIdfhwIVxMeuhDo0aQSSe1l5nR2QUhThxrb2SBo/s16000/Potter+Section+House+for+blog.jpg" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Potter Section House as it looked in winter 2018-2019<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /></p><p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<a href="http://dnr.alaska.gov/parks/aspunits/chugach/potrangerst.htm">Potter Section House</a> is at Mile 115.3, Seward Highway, near the mouth
of <a href="https://www.alaska.org/guide/turnagain-arm-drive">Turnagain Arm</a> and just south of Potter Marsh. Sitting adjacent to
the Alaska Railroad tracks, it is the last historic section house
along the 470-mile railroad still in its original location.</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">Before a section
house was built at Potter (named for nearby Potter Creek), a railroad
construction camp sat there. Potter, with a fresh-water source, a
beach where barges could land and sufficient space for warehouses,
offices, residences and mess hall, was chosen as the headquarters
site for the Alaska Engineering Commission’s Turnagain District.
The district was responsible for extending the defunct <a href="http://www.alaskarails.org/historical/construction/menu.html">Alaska Northern Railway’s</a> tracks from Kern Creek, near the eastern end of
Turnagain Arm, northwest to Anchorage.</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">A camp was erected
at Potter in 1916, and an <a href="http://www.alaskarails.org/historical/construction/aec/">Alaska Engineering Commission</a> map shows
about 20 structures there.</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">Potter camp was
active through 1917, when tracks reached Falls Creek near Indian. The
district headquarters then moved to Falls Creek until the tracks to
Anchorage were finished in September 1918.</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">With completion of
the Turnagain line, “sections” were established for track
maintenance. Potter, along with other former construction camps,
became section house locations. Section houses also served as flag
stops for passengers. According to the 1980 publication, <i>The
Preservation and Reuse of the Potter Section House</i>, there were
eight sections along the approximately 50 miles of rugged coastline
east of Potter.</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">Crews for each
section consisted of a foreman, his wife (or a cook), and a crew of
six to eight section hands. The still-existing Potter section house
was built in 1929. Little is known of the structure that stood at
Potter before then.</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">The section house is
a 1 1/2-story, 28-by-36-foot, wood-frame house, sheathed with shiplap
siding. It has entrances at the northeast and southwest gable-ends.
The first floor’s northeast portion housed a kitchen and dining
area, and the southwest end, nearest the tracks, had three rooms
reserved as the foreman’s quarters. On the building’s southeast
side between the kitchen and foreman’s quarters was a washroom and
the second-floor stairway.</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">The second floor
featured a 16-by-35-foot loft that reportedly served as a waiting
room for passengers and was probably also utilized as a bunk room.</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">In the drawing, the
window on the left is the landing for the stairs. To its right is the
first-floor washroom, which originally had an exterior window. At
some point the window was replaced with a door, perhaps so that
section hands did not tramp through the foreman’s quarters to reach
the stairs. The doorway was later walled over, but its outline can
still be seen.</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">As mechanization
reduced the number of sections needed for track maintenance, Potter
eventually became responsible for maintaining much of the track along
Turnagain Arm. National Park Service documents state, however, that
in 1978 the Anchorage and Girdwood maintenance stations assumed
responsibility for Turnagain Arm, and the Potter section house
closed.</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">Efforts began as
early as 1979 to keep the vacant section house in situ adjacent to
the railroad tracks to preserve its historic integrity and hopefully
restore it. The building and land it sits on were eventually
transferred to the State of Alaska, becoming Potter Section House
State Historic Site.</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">Potter Section House
was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1985. The
structure and associated outbuildings were restored in 1985-86, and
on Oct. 3, 1986, Potter Section House opened as an interpretive
center. A rotary snow plow, railroad kitchen car and maintenance car
were also moved to the site for interpretive purposes.</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">The section house,
no longer used as an interpretive center, is now the headquarters for
Chugach State Park. Visitors are welcome.</p><p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
Sources:</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
</p>
<ul style="text-align: left;"><li><i>Patterns of the
Past: An Inventory of Anchorage’s Historic Resources</i>. Michael
Carberry & Donna Lane. Municipality of Anchorage. 1986</li></ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;"><li><i>Potter Section
House</i>. Informational literature at Chugach State Park office. No
date.</li></ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;"><li><i>Potter Section
House – National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form</i>.
Michael E. Carberry. National Park Service. 1985</li></ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;"><li><i>The Preservation
and Reuse of the Potter Section House: A Report to the Advisory
Council on Historic Preservation</i>. Municipality of Anchorage. 1980</li></ul>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;"> </p>
Ray Bonnellhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15460854741609901809noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6319951471165566301.post-76344609021595337962020-05-22T10:59:00.001-08:002021-03-09T08:17:37.130-09:00Alaska Highway ended the isolation of Scottie Creek area<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVWHi7CQFNv61TTsroV3-rF9FNkkn7FBrtEbkWyq_45itJhs2-FwvNzOumeyx4OOzzzTXbctaknr-P4jgtvHxaEPRY3GHEk5vAWgoe_hPHno5h8FOiSfQmhQ_ql1ZizHP_WoQv7KY-Qjs/s1600/Scottie+Creek+cabin+for+blog.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="320" data-original-width="500" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVWHi7CQFNv61TTsroV3-rF9FNkkn7FBrtEbkWyq_45itJhs2-FwvNzOumeyx4OOzzzTXbctaknr-P4jgtvHxaEPRY3GHEk5vAWgoe_hPHno5h8FOiSfQmhQ_ql1ZizHP_WoQv7KY-Qjs/s1600/Scottie+Creek+cabin+for+blog.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
Fuller Thompson cabin at Scottie Creek in 2019. Thompson was a
big-game guide
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
and he and his wife
were among the first homesteaders in the Scottie Creek area.</div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">
Scottie Creek crosses the Alaska Highway 2 ½ miles from the
Alaska-Canada border, about a mile west of the U.S. Customs station.
Just west of the Scottie Creek bridge, on the south side of the
highway, stands a small cluster of abandoned structures. Those
moldering buildings are all that is left of Thompson’s Borderline
Camp, a business operated in the 1960s and 70s by Fuller and Dorothy
Thompson, early homesteaders in the area.</div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">
Scottie Creek is located at the eastern-most upstream limit of the
Tanana Valley. Named for a member of an 1898 USGS survey party, the
stream originates in Alaska but loops through Canada, flowing 50
miles before emptying into the Chisana River—a tributary of the
<a href="https://sketchesofalaska.blogspot.com/2013/10/drawing-of-tanana-river-from-john.html">Tanana River</a>.
</div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">
Long before westerners entered the region, the valley was home to the
Scottie Creek band of Upper Tanana Athabascan Indians. Prior to the 19th century these Athabascans practiced a semi-nomadic
subsistence-based lifestyle. Not until the mid 1880s, and the
<a href="https://sketchesofalaska.blogspot.com/2013/05/tishas-schoolhouse-and-old-town-of.html">discovery of gold along the Fortymile River</a> (about 100 miles to the
north), did westerners begin filtering into the area.
</div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">
The short-lived 1913-14 <a href="https://www.nps.gov/wrst/learn/historyculture/history-of-the-chisana-mining-district.htm">gold rush at Chisana</a>, about 50 miles
southwest of Scottie Creek, brought more westerners. However, the
area still remained extremely isolated, and non-Native residents were
limited to big-game hunters, trappers and traders.</div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">
<a href="https://sketchesofalaska.blogspot.com/2012/03/relics-of-alaska-highway-construction.html">Construction of the Alaska Highway</a> in 1942 finally ended Scottie
Creek’s isolation. A 2015 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service report
states that one of the area's residents at that time was Fuller Seth
Thompson, a big-game guide. Fuller assisted with surveying and
construction of the highway, and remained in the area after World War
II. During the 1950s he homesteaded at Scottie Creek, building a
cabin several hundred yards south of the highway.</div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span lang="en-US">His cabin (shown in the drawing) faces southeast
towards Scottie Creek and is located on high ground between the creek
and several small lakes to the north. The cabin is 12’ wide by 16’
long, with a low-pitched metal-covered gable roof. It is constructed
of unpeeled logs saddle-notched at the corners. The interior side
walls are only about 4 1/2’ high, with the ceiling about 7’ high
at the ridge-pole. The front door is less than 5’ high and is
flanked by small windows. The front windows have wood shelves beneath
them. The southwest, northwest and northeast walls each have a
single window. Much of the sod chinking between the logs is intact,
and the cabin is still in good condition.</span></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span lang="en-US">Other structures at the site include a collapsed
metal shed, another collapsed structure that might have been a
meat-drying rack, a cache, outhouse, and two log doghouses. </span>
</div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span lang="en-US">In 1968 the Thompsons applied for a trade and
manufacturing site next to the highway, and about that time they
opened “Thompson's Borderline Camp.” According to 1971 and 1972
issues of <i>The Milepost</i> and other sources, the Thompsons
operated a duty-free liquor store, post office, gift shop, and
garage, and rented out “unmodern” cabins.</span></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
</div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span lang="en-US">Fuller died unexpectedly in 1972 and was buried
adjacent to his cabin. Dorothy evidently operated the business after
his death, and according to <i>The Milepost</i> the post office was
open at least until 1979. When Dorothy died in 1993 her ashes were
spread on Fuller’s grave.</span></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span lang="en-US">Only five buildings are left from the business.
All are dilapidated and the site is contaminated. The property is now
part of <a href="https://www.fws.gov/refuge/tetlin/">Tetlin National Wildlife Refuge</a>, and current plans call for
demolishing the buildings.</span></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span lang="en-US">Based on the age and apparent historical
significance of Thompson’s cabin, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service hopes to rehabilitate it and related structures for use as an
interpretive site about Scottie Creek history.</span></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="left" class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">
Sources:</div>
<ul>
<li>
<span style="color: #424242;"><span style="font-size: small;">Conversations
with Shawn Bayless, refuge manager for Tetlin National Wildlife
Refuge.</span></span></li>
<li>
“2015 Report of Cultural Resources Located at Milepost 1223 of the
Alaska Highway within the Tetlin National Wildlife Refuge.” Robert
Meinhardt, Amy Ramiriz & Kyle Beargeon. U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service. 2015</li>
<li>
<span style="color: #424242;"><span style="font-size: small;">Listings
for Scottie Creek in 1971, 1972 and 1979 issues of <i>The Milepost:
All-the-North Travel Guide</i>. </span></span>
</li>
<li>
“<span style="font-size: small;">Navigability Report, </span><span style="color: #424242;"><span style="font-size: small;">Upper
Chisana </span></span><span style="color: #2d2d2d;"><span style="font-size: small;">and
Ladue </span></span><span style="color: #424242;"><span style="font-size: small;">R</span></span><span style="color: #161616;"><span style="font-size: small;">i</span></span><span style="color: #424242;"><span style="font-size: small;">ver
Dra</span></span><span style="color: #161616;"><span style="font-size: small;">in</span></span><span style="color: #424242;"><span style="font-size: small;">age
Areas.” U.S. Bureau of Land Management. 1983</span></span></li>
<li>
<span style="color: #424242;">“<span style="font-size: small;">Wild
Resource Use in Northway, Alaska.” Martha F. Case. Alaska
Department of Fish and Game. 1986</span></span></li>
</ul>
<div align="left" class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="left" class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
Ray Bonnellhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15460854741609901809noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6319951471165566301.post-60118068714090583062020-05-17T22:21:00.001-08:002021-03-09T08:18:04.105-09:00Glennallen began as World War II era construction camp for Glenn Highway<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEil0yi8KfRTgu40Vyo9ZRzVbeyJG6LY53xE2EfBH0LIxj0KCwDDWYEDuukaYUgFLKl-Nc8XkNq0ZBN84eUWT2PQj2C3dLh3sgvBBMV0TB3RfAqKCEB2wdspQ4x1vybZtKnOMC_r0zpyZho/s1600/Glennallen+library+for+blog.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="319" data-original-width="500" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEil0yi8KfRTgu40Vyo9ZRzVbeyJG6LY53xE2EfBH0LIxj0KCwDDWYEDuukaYUgFLKl-Nc8XkNq0ZBN84eUWT2PQj2C3dLh3sgvBBMV0TB3RfAqKCEB2wdspQ4x1vybZtKnOMC_r0zpyZho/s1600/Glennallen+library+for+blog.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
The Copper Valley Community Library, originally the Alaska Road
Commission headquarters</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
in Glennallen, as it
looked in the 1970s.</div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<br />
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="https://www.travelalaska.com/Destinations/Communities/Glennallen.aspx">Glennallen</a>, situated at the
junction of the Glenn and Richardson Highways, started as a highway
construction camp just prior to the 1941 entry of the United States
into World War II.</span></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0.38in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">Relations between the United
States and Japan deteriorated in the 1930s and the U.S. government
cast an anxious eye towards its northern-most possession, the Alaska
Territory. That anxiety was born of Alaska's vulnerability (its
defenses long neglected by the federal government) and the
territory’s strategic location.</span></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0.38in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">In 1939 the federal government
set aside land north of Anchorage for an Army installation
(construction began the next year). At that time <a href="https://sketchesofalaska.blogspot.com/2020/03/newly-constructed-palmer-highway-linked.html">Southcentral Alaska's road system</a> </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">only reached as far north as the Matanuska Valley</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">, and Anchorage’s relative isolation
concerned military planners. Consequently, the Alaska Road Commission (ARC -
the federal agency responsible for developing the territory’s road
system) began planning a road link between Anchorage and the
Richardson Highway, almost 200 miles to the northeast in the Copper
River Basin. (This was before plans for the Alaska Highway were
conceived in 1942.)</span></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0.19in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">According to a 2016 interview
with Harry Heintz, </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">(</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">a
65-year resident of the Copper River Basin</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">)</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">
Heinz was hired by the ARC, probably in 1939, to scout a route for
the new </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">and</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">
yet unnamed road. On his first attempt he started from the
Richardson Highway with two men and four pack horses. Heintz turned
back with the horses due to marshy terrain, but the others continued,
mapping a preliminary route as far as Sutton, just north of Palmer.
His second attempt, in the fall of 1940, utilized a D7 Caterpillar
tractor pulling two sleds, but that trip was thwarted by the steep
walls of the Caribou Creek canyon.</span></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0.19in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">The ARC pressed on however,
receiving a million-dollar appropriation from Congress in April of
1941 (and another $500,000 the next year). In June of 1941
construction crews began working from both ends of the planned road:
from Moose Creek north of Palmer (the northeastern end of the
Matanuska Valley road system) and from the Richardson Highway at what
would become Glennallen. Plans were that the road crews would link up
in the Nelchina area above Tahneta Pass.</span></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0.19in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">The first 25 miles of the
20’-wide pioneer road’</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">s
southern end</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"> were built on
top of the <a href="https://sketchesofalaska.blogspot.com/2020/03/navy-gambled-on-chickaloon-coal-and-lost.html">abandoned railroad grade between Moose Creek and the Chickaloon River.</a> Mary Cracraft Bauer, in her book, </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><i>The
Glenn Highway, the Story if its Past</i></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">,
writes that ties from the old railway were salvaged to build a
cookhouse at the Sutton construction camp.</span></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0.19in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">The narrow, bumpy road opened to
limited traffic in November of 1943. After the end of the war, lodges
providing food, gasoline and other services began opening along the
road, by this time named the Glenn Highway in honor of </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span lang="en-US"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Captain
Edwin Glenn</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">,
leader of an 1898 U.S. Army expedition that explored parts of the
Copper River Basin. The highway was paved in the 1950s.</span></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0.19in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">After the end of the war,
Glennallen (named for Captain Glenn and another early Copper River
Basin explorer, Lieutenant Henry Allen) quickly became the commercial
and government center for the region.</span></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">The cabin shown in the drawing is
located next to the community library in Glennallen. Built of logs
felled by Harry Heintz, it began as the ARC headquarters at its
highway construction camp. Its exact construction date is uncertain,
but it probably dates to the establishment of the camp in 1941.</span></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0.19in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">Long used by the ARC, then the
federal Bureau of Public Roads, and then the Alaska State Department
of Transportation, in 1962 it became the Copper Valley Community
Library. It continued as the library until a new library building
opened in 1976. It is now the Glennallen Legislative Information
Office.</span></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0.19in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">Sources:</span></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<ul>
<li>
“<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">Copper Valley Community
Library History.” Bonnie McLead. Copper Valley Community Library
website. 2006</span></li>
<li>
“<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">How Alaska’s Glenn Highway
was Built, an Interview with Harry Heintz of Slana, Alaska.” </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">No
author. </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">Copper River
Country Journal. 2016</span></li>
<li>
“<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">The Garrisoning of Alaska,
1939-41,” Stetson Conn editor. </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">I</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">n
</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><i>The United States and
its Outposts</i></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">. U.S.
Government printing Office. 1962</span></li>
<li>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><i>The Glenn Highway: The Story
of its Past, a Guide to its Present</i></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">.
Mary Cracraft Bauer. Bentwood Press. 1987</span></li>
</ul>
Ray Bonnellhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15460854741609901809noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6319951471165566301.post-79484286381598677912020-05-12T21:16:00.001-08:002021-03-09T08:19:07.946-09:00Messhall and Bunkhouse in Chitina among few remaining Copper River and Northwestern Railway buildings<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilTp-ETPnITfxXmkrESJtTYPua2Qaqz880_J_KQlVIUkjnAUkqJACMtAR9x_IuFNc4hyphenhyphenIx2qRvBJXiEyGnEDeL4swEqNGoYBYJTv4nLFlir4Z7OVGJUOWorV_2fsmEM8y5hPWsqfBldb0/s1600/Chitina+messhall+for+blog.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="500" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilTp-ETPnITfxXmkrESJtTYPua2Qaqz880_J_KQlVIUkjnAUkqJACMtAR9x_IuFNc4hyphenhyphenIx2qRvBJXiEyGnEDeL4swEqNGoYBYJTv4nLFlir4Z7OVGJUOWorV_2fsmEM8y5hPWsqfBldb0/s1600/Chitina+messhall+for+blog.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The CR&NW messhall and bunkhouse in Chitina in the 1980s</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">The two
buildings shown in the drawing are in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitina,_Alaska">Chitina</a>. They were built as a messhall
and bunkhouse for the <a href="http://www.aksalmondipnetting.com/CRNWRy.htm">Copper River and Northwestern Railway</a> (CR&NW).</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">The CR&NW
was a 196-mile-long standard-gauge railroad connecting <a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6319951471165566301#editor/target=post;postID=3382825973450086430;onPublishedMenu=allposts;onClosedMenu=allposts;postNum=2;src=link">Cordova</a>, on Prince William
Sound, with the copper mines at Kennecott, located in the Wrangell Mountains of
Interior Alaska.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The railroad was built between
1906 and 1911.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">From
Cordova, the CR&NW ran eastward, skirting the base of the Chugach Mountains
until reaching the Copper River. It then followed the Copper River northward, turning
southeast at the Chitina River, ascending that until turning east up the Nizina
River, and then north up the Kennicott River to <a href="https://www.travelalaska.com/Destinations/Communities/Kennicott-McCarthy.aspx">McCarthy and Kennecott</a>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">A construction/supply
camp was established at what would become mile 132 of the railway (just south
of the confluence of the Chitina and Copper Rivers) in about 1909, and from that
camp sprang the town of Chitina. Rails reached Chitina in 1910, and the
messhall and bunkhouse were constructed the same year. Chitina also hosted a depot
and water tower. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
messhall and bunkhouse were near the depot, on the eastern edge of town. There
is a small pond directly west of the messhall now, but in Chitina's early days
the pond was just a stream. A few buildings (including the messhall's outhouse)
were located where the pond is now.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Both
the messhall and bunkhouse are of wood-frame construction with tongue-and-groove
siding, and both have post-and-pad foundations. The messhall has a hipped roof
while the bunkhouse is gable-roofed. The buildings originally had cedar shingle
roofs, but now have metal roofing.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
messhall, the western-most of the two buildings, is 26' x 30' with a 6' x 16'
enclosed porch on its north side. It has four rooms: a kitchen, dining/living
room, and two small bedrooms. A root-cellar is located under the floor. The
cellar is accessed by a kitchen floor trap-door, and by an exterior entrance on
the building’s west side.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
bunkhouse, a few yards to the east, is composed of two sections. The structure’s
northern end has one room, 23' x 25'. The southern end also consists of a single
room, 20' x 25', with a 4' x 4' enclosed porch. An interior door connects the
two rooms and each room has a separate exterior entrance.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">According
to National Park Service documents, Albert Swalling, who worked for the CR&NW
from 1929 to 1938, related that the bunkhouse could accommodate 20-22 workers,
although it usually only housed 10-14 men. Trains changed crews at Chitina, so
the bunkhouse was constantly in use, either by train crews or maintenance workers.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Due
to declining copper reserves, the mines at Kennecott closed in 1938. The
CR&NW ceased operations the same year. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Otto
Adrian Nelson, who came to Alaska in 1908 as a surveyor for the CR&NW and lived
in Chitina for over 50 years, bought much of the Chitina townsite from the
CR&NW in 1946, including the messhall and bunkhouse. Larry Clarke’s book, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Chitina Past</i>, states that Nelson was Chitina’s
postmaster. He owned the community’s drugstore (where the post office was) as
well as the general store.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
U.S. Army utilized the messhall and bunkhouse during the 1940s. The buildings
were then used by Nelson as cold storage for his stores, but eventually fell
into disuse. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
first time I visited Chitina in the 1980s the buildings were uninhabited. They
remained vacant until their owner, Carla Hilgendorf, began restoring them in
2000, She even repainted the buildings in their original Kennecott Mines
Company colors, red with white trim. They were added to the National Register
of Historic Places in 2002. The buildings are now operated during the summer as
<a href="http://chitinahouse.com/index.html">Chitina House B&B</a>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sources:</span></div>
<br />
<ul>
<li><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Chitina Past: The Late Forties</span></i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">. Larry Clarke.
Bookmasters. 2002</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">“Copper
River & Northwestern Railway Bunkhouse and Messhall, National Register of
Historic Places Registration Form.” Carla Hilgendorf. National Park Service.
2002</span></li>
<li><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Iron Rails to Alaskan Copper, The Epic
Triumph of Erastus Corning Hawkins</span></i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">. Alfred O. Quinn. D’Aloquin Publishing.
1995</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">“Mining
in the Chitina District.” Fred H. Moffit. In <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Mineral Resources of Alaska, 1909</i>. U.S.G.S. 1910</span></li>
<li><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">The Copper Spike</span></i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">. Lone E. Janson.
Alaska Northwest Publishing. 1975</span></li>
</ul>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
Ray Bonnellhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15460854741609901809noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6319951471165566301.post-76122434988578189872020-05-08T16:50:00.003-08:002021-03-09T08:19:32.546-09:00Engine No. 52 in Skagway helped build the White Pass & Yukon Route Railway<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXt41Uw95pLQYsrF6-8_k9UBjKaSu9UeUjb7CNjsFxxm8zH4CXEm0RPtqo1LNyMJF2M4SajyzOymCyy5ocmBWwicg3YKvng5BL7dcQbzBObVwNVsJ2j298hwvmGpqIQfC9T4NDlZc1Bbs/s1600/No.+52++for+blog.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="306" data-original-width="500" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXt41Uw95pLQYsrF6-8_k9UBjKaSu9UeUjb7CNjsFxxm8zH4CXEm0RPtqo1LNyMJF2M4SajyzOymCyy5ocmBWwicg3YKvng5BL7dcQbzBObVwNVsJ2j298hwvmGpqIQfC9T4NDlZc1Bbs/s1600/No.+52++for+blog.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Engine
No. 52 was the </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">first</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">
</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">locomotive</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">
on the White Pass and Yukon Route Railway.</span>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
The drawing shows
No. 52 as it looked in 2011, sitting on a siding in the Skagway train yard.</div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">In
the summer and fall of 1897, thousands of gold seekers clamored
ashore at the head of Lynn Canal in Southeast Alaska, eager to cross
the coastal mountains and reach the <a href="https://www.history.com/topics/westward-expansion/klondike-gold-rush">Klondike gold fields</a> at Dawson
City in the Yukon Territory.</span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Argonauts
had two choices for the crossing: the Chilkoot Trail out of Dyea, or
the White Pass Trail above Skagway.</span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The
Chilkoot had been used for centuries by the coastal Tlinget Indians.
It was the most direct route; however, it was steep, arduous and
unsuitable for pack animals.</span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The
White Pass, although longer, had less severe grades, and pack trains
could be utilized. It was far from easy though. The trail, punched
through just prior to the Klondike gold rush, was new and rough and
quickly became a muddy morass. Pack animals, crippled by the terrain
and pushed to exhaustion, died by the hundreds. An estimated 3,000
horses perished along the route, and it quickly became known as <a href="https://www.nps.gov/klgo/learn/historyculture/white-pass-history.htm">Dead Horse Trail</a>.</span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">An
easier method for the mountain crossing was needed. Enter Mike Heney,
a railroad contractor with experience building Canadian railroads. In
1898 he came to the Lynn Canal area to assess the feasibility of a
railroad crossing of the mountains. He quickly dismissed Dyea and the
Chilkoot. After hiking the White Pass he decided a railroad was
possible, albeit construction would be difficult and expensive.</span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">According
to the </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">2003
</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">book,
</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>A
Wild Discouraging Mess</i></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">,
while in Skagway, Heney serendipitously met with representatives for
London investors also interested in a railway over the mountains.
Those representatives, who had already investigated White Pass,
thought the project unfeasible, but Heney, who is reputed to have
said, "Give me enough dynamite and snoose and I'll build you a
railroad to Hell," convinced them to back the railroad.</span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The
<a href="https://wpyr.com/history/">White Pass and Yukon Route Railway</a> (WP&YRR) was organized in
April of 1898 and by May construction had begun. Workers quickly
discovered that wood from local trees splintered too easily to be
used for ties and bridge timbers, so all materials for the railway
had to be shipped in. Even so, by the end of August over 12 miles of
track had been laid. </span></span>
</div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The
remaining eight miles of track to the summit, up the White Pass Fork
of the Skagway River, took six months. On February 20, 1899 the first
passenger train climbed from tidewater to the summit.</span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">By
July of 1899 tracks had reached Lake Bennett, at mile 41. Work on the
final portion of the line, from Lake Bennett to Whitehorse, proceeded
from both directions: one crew worked north from Lake Bennett, and
another southward from Whitehorse. They met at Carcross on July 29,
1900, signaling the completion of the 110-mile line.</span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The
drawing shows WP&YRR Engine No. 52. National Park Service
documents state that it was the first locomotive to arrive in Skagway
in the summer of 1898. It is also believed to be the locomotive on
the first passenger train to attain White Pass summit in 1899.</span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The
Brooks 2-6-0 locomotive (2 leading wheels, 6 drive wheels, 0 trailing
wheels - often referred to as a "Mogul") spent its first year in the Skagway area and then moved to
Lake Bennett. In 1931 it was transferred to the <a href="https://yukonnuggets.com/stories/taku-tramline">Taku Tram</a> between
Atlin and Tagish Lakes. Retired in 1936, it spent the next 28 years
on a siding at Taku before being returned to Skagway because of its
historical significance. It was damaged in a roundhouse fire in 1969.
After minor repairs is sat rusting on a Skagway train yard siding
until 2014 when it was cosmetically restored and put on display near
the railroad depot in downtown Skagway.</span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.11in;">
</div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.11in;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.11in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Sources:</span></span></div>
<ul>
<li>
“<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">A
Wild Discouraging Mess: The History of the White Pass Unit of the
Klondike Gold Rush National Historic Park.” Julie Johnson. National
Park Service. 2003</span></span></li>
<li>
“<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Doing
the White Pass: The Story of the White Pass & Yukon Route and the
Klondike Gold Rush.” Howard Clifford. Sourdough Enterprises. 1983</span></span></li>
<li>
“<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Skagway
and White Pass District, National Register of Historic Places
Nomination Form.” National Park Service. 1999</span></span></li>
<li>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">White
Pass and Yukon Route webpage, <www.wpyr.com></span></span></li>
</ul>
Ray Bonnellhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15460854741609901809noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6319951471165566301.post-27470337840858008982020-05-06T19:23:00.002-08:002021-03-09T08:20:43.360-09:00Ester studio evokes memory of painter, Rusty Heurlin<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbMfuPDVKUjrzddHtdroOf2fexUrLrLb2TnCnoXAZ5qCj4jjQUVmUajS8OFDwzsfH4dvIoGliaBGc0uoWuGynPbyNfmSQ5dnQ96NK35s0HMJkGyG-hQJlOeSR5tTYEqG46fpOX-kwhMjM/s1600/Heurlin+studio+drawing+for+blog.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="294" data-original-width="500" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbMfuPDVKUjrzddHtdroOf2fexUrLrLb2TnCnoXAZ5qCj4jjQUVmUajS8OFDwzsfH4dvIoGliaBGc0uoWuGynPbyNfmSQ5dnQ96NK35s0HMJkGyG-hQJlOeSR5tTYEqG46fpOX-kwhMjM/s1600/Heurlin+studio+drawing+for+blog.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Rusty Heurlin's studio in Ester in the early winter of 2017</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
The cabin in the drawing was the studio for Alaska painter, Magnus
Colcord “Rusty” Heurlin. Matthew Reckard, the artist’s
neighbor, recently showed me Rusty’s studio.
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
Located on Main
Street in Ester, the simple, gable-roofed log-cabin studio was built
in 1965, replacing a studio Rusty constructed when he moved to Ester.
(Judy Gumm, long-time Ester resident, told me that another well-known
Alaskan painter, Ted Lambert, lived in Rusty’s old studio for a
while.)</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
Rusty was born in
1895, and raised in Wakefield, Massachusetts. He attended Fenway
School of Illustration in Boston for a year after high school. Then,
craving adventure, he worked his way west, eventually sailing to
Alaska in 1916. Landing at Valdez, he spent a winter living in <a href="https://www.alaskahistory.org/biographies/laurence-sydney/">Sydney Laurence</a>’s old studio. (Laurence moved to Anchorage in 1915.)</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
The United States
entered World War I in April 1917, and Rusty left Alaska to enlist in
the U.S. Navy. After he demobilized in 1919, Rusty enrolled at New
York City’s Grand Central School of Art.</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
In 1921 he began
illustrating stories for pulp magazines such as <i>Adventure</i> and
<i>Sky Birds</i>. According to the website, “<a href="https://www.pulpartists.com/">Field Guide to Wild American Pulp Artists</a>,” Rusty took a hiatus from illustrating in
1922, returning to Alaska to study Inupiat culture in the Point
Barrow area.</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
He resumed
illustrating magazines in 1923, and the influence of his Alaskan
studies can be seen in many of his illustrations. It was as a story
illustrator that he honed his skills for story-telling through his
paintings.</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
During the 1930s,
the Great Depression, coupled with advances in photographic
reproduction and the advent of color photography, ended many
illustrators’ careers. Rusty was no exception. By 1933 magazine
commissions had dried up, and Rusty sought refuge with the Work’s
Progress Administration’s Federal Arts Project.</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
Deciding that he
could starve in Alaska just as well as he could on the East Coast, Rusty
moved back to Alaska in 1935. Once here, he worked any honest job he
could find—as miner, fisherman, and laborer on the Alaska Railroad.
He also spent four seasons on Inupiat whaling crews along the Arctic
coast. And all the while he snuck in his art studies.</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
When the U.S
declared war on Japan in 1942, Rusty volunteered for the Alaska
Territorial Guard. According to a 1945 issue of the magazine, <i>Alaska
Life</i>, Captain Heurlin was in Barrow during an influenza outbreak
and helped distribute sulfa tablets to villagers, handing out so many
pills that the Inupiat called them “Rusty’s pills.”</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
Rusty settled in
Ester, just outside Fairbanks, after the war, got married, continued
to paint, and began teaching art classes at the University of Alaska
(the first art classes offered at the U). He eventually left the
university to devote more time to painting, but continued to teach
privately. One of his students was Fairbanks artist, Ray Sandberg.</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
Much of his effort
after leaving the university was focused on producing several series
of “story-telling” murals. One of those was “The Big
Stampede”—15 murals depicting the gold rush history of the Yukon
and Alaska. Those murals are on display at the <a href="https://pioneersofalaskafairbanks.org/pioneer-museum">Pioneer Museum in Pioneer Park</a> here in Fairbanks.</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
He completed two
other series: “Our Heritage,” reflecting the development of
Inupiat culture; and “The Great Land,” showing Alaska’s history
from Russian America to statehood. Murals from “Our Heritage”
used to greet visitors at the Fairbanks airport passenger terminal.
Unfortunately, most of his murals except the “Big Stampede”
series are now in storage at the University of Alaska. </div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
Rusty died in 1986
but his legacy lives on through his art. If you do go searching for
his studio, remember that is on private property.</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
</div>
<div align="center" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
Sources:</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_GoBack"></a>
“Colcord Heurlin.” David Saunders. “Field Guide to Wild
American Pulp Artists” website, www.pulpartists.com. 2015</li>
<li>
Conversation with Judy Gum and Matthew Reckard, both long-time Ester
residents and Rusty Heurlin’s neighbors</li>
<li>
Fairbanks North Star Borough property records</li>
<li>
“Heurlin Paints History.” Jimmy Bedford. <i>Alaska Today</i>
magazine. 1984, V. 12
</li>
<li>
“Northern Lights.” No author. In <i>Alaska Life: The Territorial
Magazine</i>. April 1945</li>
<li>
“Teacher and Student reunite through Art.” Donna Redhead
Sandberg. In <i>Fairbanks Daily News-Miner</i>. 2-11-1996</li>
</ul>
Ray Bonnellhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15460854741609901809noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6319951471165566301.post-77670111958007952672020-05-03T23:30:00.001-08:002021-03-09T08:21:18.707-09:00College Station and the Toonerville Trolley<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-k5YZkcj-YfK1a0RDcQV1jJwAfZAK82DPC0Zu7_KlRxS82i1sYI1XHrQZiPDLh4wtJuYBFY1Y8KXQ5WaP_cBLW8kIHtm64xxV6c1fAqfpX7EKM0W3rAEASGdW_XCYIPb6T29jMwNo7-o/s1600/College+Station+for+blog.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="350" data-original-width="500" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-k5YZkcj-YfK1a0RDcQV1jJwAfZAK82DPC0Zu7_KlRxS82i1sYI1XHrQZiPDLh4wtJuYBFY1Y8KXQ5WaP_cBLW8kIHtm64xxV6c1fAqfpX7EKM0W3rAEASGdW_XCYIPb6T29jMwNo7-o/s1600/College+Station+for+blog.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: x-small;">College
Station, at the bottom of the hill below the Alaska College of
Agriculture</span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">
</span><div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: x-small;">and
School of Mines</span><span style="font-size: x-small;"> at Fairbanks in the mid-1920s.</span></div>
</span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The
four miles between the University of Alaska and downtown Fairbanks
offers little impediment to modern travelers. However, when the
university's predecessor, the Alaska College of Agriculture and
School of Mines, opened for classes in 1922, roads between the
college and town were few. Photos from the 1920s show what is now
College Road as merely a narrow track through the woods. Farmer’s
Loop was a more developed but lengthier route to Fairbanks.</span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Alaska
Railroad (ARR) tracks passed the campus, with a straight run into
Fairbanks, so the college turned to the railroad for dependable
transportation between campus and town. The railroad instituted
commuter service using a small self-propelled narrow-gauge railcar.
The Edison-Beach railcar pressed into service originally made daily
runs on the <a href="https://sketchesofalaska.blogspot.com/2012/03/tanana-valley-railroad-gold-dust-line.html">Tanana Valley Railroad</a> (TVRR) between Fairbanks and Fox. </span></span>
</div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The
TVRR (built 1904-1907) was a narrow-gauge railway (3’ between
rails), while the ARR (completed in 1923) was standard gauge (4’ 8
1/2” between rails). The ARR acquired the TVRR in 1917, renaming it
the Chatanika Branch. It continued to operate as a narrow-gauge line
but was integrated into the ARR’s standard-gauge operations. </span></span>
</div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The
ARR’s standard-gauge tracks from Nenana joined the TVRR’s
narrow-gauge tracks at Happy Station in the Goldstream Valley. From
there into Fairbanks a third rail was laid beside the narrow-gauge
tracks, converting it to a dual gauge railway. This allowed both
standard and narrow-gauge trains to use the same roadbed. (The ARR
removed the third rail after the Chatanika Branch closed in 1930.)</span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">When
the need arose in 1922, the ARR overhauled the old Edison-Beach
railcar at its Anchorage shop and returned it to service on the
campus to Fairbanks run. Nicholas Deely's book, <i>The Gold Dust
Line</i>, states that the railcar was affectionately known as the
"Toonerville Trolley" (after a comic strip popular at the
time). The trolley made round trips three times a day during the
week, and twice on Saturdays (no Sunday service). The 15-minute ride
cost 24 cents. Deeley states that the trolley was economical to
operate, more-so than the similarly-sized <a href="https://vilda.alaska.edu/digital/collection/cdmg11/id/41651/rec/4">Brill railcar that replaced it in about 1930</a>. </span></span>
</div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The
12' x 18' wood-frame building shown in the drawing was the College
Station depot. It was located just to the west of where the
university power plant is now, downhill from the college president’s
house. (President Charles Bunnell liked to keep an eye on the
students’ comings and goings.) </span></span>
</div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">In
1931 bus service to the college was initiated by Paul Griemann, who
owned a Fairbanks garage. According to Terrence Cole's book, Cornerstone on College Hill, President Bunnell tried to talk
Griemann out of the enterprise, fearing the bus service would mean
the end for the trolley. He was right—the bus service, couple</span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">d</span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
with increased operating costs for the Brill railcar, led the ARR to
end its commuter service that same year.</span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Although
scheduled railcar service ended, evidently the depot continued to be
used, at least occasionally. Movies and photos from the mid 1930s
show train cars stopped at College Station.</span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">According
to Fairbanks North Star Borough land records the depot building was
moved in the early 1950s to 1780 Old Pioneer Way and incorporated
into a private residence. There it stayed until 2013 when its owner,
Nevada Bovee, <a href="https://sketchesofalaska.blogspot.com/2013/05/old-college-depot-example-fairbanks.html">razed the building to make room for a new home</a>.
Fortunately, she allowed Martin Gutowski, with Friends of the Tanana
Valley Railway, to salvage a few of the structure’s boards that
contained initials and names carved by college students. Martin
passed the boards along to the University of Alaska Museum, so the
Toonerville Trolley and College Station can live on in the memory of
Fairbanks.</span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Sources:</span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<i><br /></i></div>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Alaska’s
Tanana Valley Railroads</i>. Daniel Osborne. Arcadia Publishers. 2013</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Correspondence
with Martin Gutowski, president of Friends of the Tanana Valley
Railroad</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Fairbanks
North Star Borough property records</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Tanana
Valley Railroad, the Gold Dust Line</i>. Nicholas Deely. Denali
Designs. 1996</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>The
Cornerstone on College Hil</i>l. Terrence Cole. University of Alaska
Press. 1994</span></span></li>
</ul>
Ray Bonnellhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15460854741609901809noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6319951471165566301.post-14759027245586808612020-03-21T17:08:00.002-08:002021-03-09T08:22:35.580-09:00Hope is only surviving gold camp from Upper Kenai Peninsula gold rush<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFCSjT41j6B1CCkU4o7fXiKAotFmiafdEPu1_4WliCKWk1sbp_kXgf_YnhBEAlDNVB_0VCAG-Z3qsT4Xqk5iQIRlB9Duj6ddWnguwanOlGUtU3x8qps_vvBJ5v7DvLu1WyPUOEtKGXfeQ/s1600/downtown+hope+for+blog.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="306" data-original-width="500" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFCSjT41j6B1CCkU4o7fXiKAotFmiafdEPu1_4WliCKWk1sbp_kXgf_YnhBEAlDNVB_0VCAG-Z3qsT4Xqk5iQIRlB9Duj6ddWnguwanOlGUtU3x8qps_vvBJ5v7DvLu1WyPUOEtKGXfeQ/s1600/downtown+hope+for+blog.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Downtown Hope in 2014</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Hlk511947232"></a>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">According
to the 1915 U.S.G.S. report, </span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Geology
and Mineral Resources of Kenai Peninsula, Alaska</i></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">,
the only recorded instances of Russian gold exploration in Alaska
occurred between 1848 and 1851, when Peter Doroshin, a
<a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Russian-American-Company">Russian-American Company</a> mining engineer, discovered gold in the
Kenai River and spent two summers prospecting along the Russian
River. Doroshin or his men may have searched further afield, though.
American miners in the Hope area found abandoned workings that they
attributed to the Russians.</span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">After
the 1867 purchase of Alaska, prospectors began pushing north along
the coast from British Columbia. By the 1880s miners were working
beach deposits along Lower Cook Inlet. In about 1888, a prospector
named King (first name unknown) disappeared into the Upper Kenai
Peninsula, returning two summers later with four pokes of gold.</span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">King
never staked a claim and moved on before revealing any information.
However, his luck prompted others to explore the Upper Kenai. Gold
was discovered on Resurrection Creek, near present-day Hope, in 1893.
King's diggings were found nearby.</span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The
next few years saw increased mining on Resurrection Creek and on
Sixmile Creek to the east. Mary Barry’s book, </span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>A
History of Mining on the Kenai Peninsula</i></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">,
states that in 1895 a settlement consisting of about a dozen log
cabins sprang up near the beach beside Resurrection Creek. There are
several stories about naming the new town, the most popular being
that miners named it after the camp’s youngest argonaut,
17-year-old Percy Hope. </span></span>
</div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">That
same year the competing community of <a href="https://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WM9BEQ_Sunrise_City_Boom_Town_to_Ghost_Town_Alaska">Sunrise</a> was established near the
mouth of Sixmile Creek. According to Barry's book, Hope was a dry
town for many years, while Sunrise was wide open. By June of 1896
Sunrise had two saloons and a brewery, as well as two restaurants.</span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">By
1896, The Upper Kenai was the scene of a bona fide stampede. The
winter of 1896-97, there were 80 people living in Hope, and another
150 at Sunrise. </span></span>
</div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The
boom times only lasted a few years though. Sunrise began declining
after 1898 but Hope endured. In 1902 Hope had two stores: an Alaska
Commercial Company store, and one operated by George Roll (shown in
the drawing). Also, Hope was evidently no longer dry since it was
reported that it had four saloons. Sunrise was down to one saloon.</span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
</div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The
simple gold-recovery methods used by the original Upper Kenai
stampeders gave way to mechanized operations around the turn of the
century. Dredging was unsuccessfully attempted along Resurrection
Creek, and <a href="https://www.greatmining.com/hydraulic-mining.html">hydraulicking</a> (using high-pressure water jets to wash
gold-bearing gravel through sluices) was the primary recovery method.</span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">By
1905, the glory days of placer mining in the area were over. A few
operations were still profitable, but richer mining areas such as
Nome and Fairbanks siphoned miners away from the Kenai. In 1908 only
about 50 men still worked area creeks, and by 1911 Sunrise had only
12 residents while Hope boasted about 35. </span></span>
</div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Sunrise’s
last resident died in 1939. Hope, by contrast, had 71 residents in
1940. Unfortunately, the federal government’s closure of gold
mining during World War II was a death knell for most area mines.
After the war, increased labor and equipment costs, coupled with low
gold prices, stymied mine re-openings. Mining continued, but on a
much smaller scale. </span></span>
</div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Land
in the Hope area subsided about five feet during the 1964 Good Friday
earthquake, exposing a handful of buildings along the town’s
seaward edge to flooding at high tide. The remaining historic
buildings, dating from about 1900 to the 1940s, are part of the Hope
Historic District, added to the National Register of Historic Places
in 1972.</span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Sources:</span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
</div>
<ul>
<li>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>A
History of Mining on the Kenai Peninsula</i></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">.
Mary J. Barry. Alaska Northwest Publishing. 1973.</span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i> </i></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Geology
and Mineral Resources of Kenai Peninsula, Alaska</i></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">.
G. C. Martin. U.S.G.S. 1915</span></span> </li>
<li>“<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Hope
Historic District – National Register of Historic Places Nomination
Form.” Rosemarie Levine. National Park Service. 1972</span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i> </i></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>The
Great Alaska Earthquake of 1964</i></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">.
National Research Council. National Academy of Sciences. 1968</span></span>
</li>
</ul>
Ray Bonnellhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15460854741609901809noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6319951471165566301.post-1972149389499832202020-03-20T11:17:00.002-08:002021-03-09T08:23:39.842-09:00Van Gilder Hotel has been serving Seward for almost 100 years<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7JaPc8yP5GlyxRw2AUJSn9TBU5w_Uxp8YtasdRXiW_6Yt6mS0McOaQYCnos71lR8iYLh5PabSM9H6udqsxaF7BbnCDNkxjzbQwNSsdtMsWkJOtLzI0z9-n8LjcTeYOEnDVUCQG9cg6KQ/s1600/Van+Gilder+Hotel+for+blog.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="437" data-original-width="500" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7JaPc8yP5GlyxRw2AUJSn9TBU5w_Uxp8YtasdRXiW_6Yt6mS0McOaQYCnos71lR8iYLh5PabSM9H6udqsxaF7BbnCDNkxjzbQwNSsdtMsWkJOtLzI0z9-n8LjcTeYOEnDVUCQG9cg6KQ/s1600/Van+Gilder+Hotel+for+blog.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Van Gilder Hotel in 2012</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The
community of <a href="https://www.cityofseward.us/">Seward</a>, at the northern end of Resurrection Bay, had an
auspicious start in 1903 when developers with the <a href="http://alaskarails.org/historical/construction/acry/">Alaska Central Railway</a> (ACR) landed at the site to begin construction of a railway
northward across the Kenai Peninsula to Cook Inlet and beyond.
Initial hopes were high, but the railway, which was privately
financed, was perpetually short on construction funds. The ACR filed
for bankruptcy and was replaced by the <a href="http://www.alaskarails.org/historical/construction/anry/index.html">Alaska Northern Railway</a> but it
too succumbed to financial difficulties. Consequently, the optimism
of Seward’s residents, and community development lagged.</span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">That
changed in 1914 when the federal government took over the task of
completing the railroad from Seward to the new town of Anchorage on
Cook Inlet, and beyond to Fairbanks in Interior Alaska. </span></span>
</div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Hopes
once again soared, and new investments flooded into Seward. According
to the <a href="http://www.cityofseward.net/hpc/historic_properties/index.html">Seward Historic Preservation Commission</a>, in 1916 $200,000
worth of construction projects (the equivalent of $4.5 million today)
were started in the city.</span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">One
of the new developers was E. L. Van Gilder, a native of Kellogg,
Idaho. Anticipating a boom in commercial activity at Seward, Van
Gilder came north to build a modern two-story office building.
Seward’s fraternal groups convinced him to add a third story with
meeting rooms for local organizations. The building was completed by
October of 1916.</span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Unfortunately
for Van Gilder, Seward was also competing with Anchorage for a role
in Southcentral Alaska’s economy and for development dollars. The
added cost for his building’s third floor, plus slower than
expected economic development forced Van Gilder to sell his building
only months after its completion.</span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Regardless
of Van Gilder’s personal finances, the new building was a grand
addition to Seward’s business district. Located at 307 Adams
Street, next to the Bank of Seward (now gone), it is 34’ wide by
85’ long, with a full basement. It was one of three reinforced
concrete buildings constructed in 1916—the largest and finest. It
boasted central heating, and hot and cold running water. The south
(front) and west sides of the building were finished in stucco, while
the east and north sides were painted concrete.</span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The
completed Van Gilder Building had little problem finding tenants. The
"Gateway Newspaper,” the second-largest newspaper in Alaska in
1915, moved into the basement, with professionals such as doctors and
attorneys moving into the first and second-floor offices. The
Oddfellows, Masons, Christian Scientists, and Seward Women's Cub
found accommodations on the third floor.</span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">By
1921, the Oddfellows and Masons had built their own lodge buildings
and most of the other tenants had found different accommodations.
Mary Barry's book, <i>Seward, Alaska, a History of the Gateway
City</i>, states that in early 1921 the building was converted to
apartments, and in September of that year the building was modified
to serve as a hotel. The hotel, of course, was named the Van Gilder.</span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Like
many trendy historic hotels, the Van Gilder is supposedly haunted.
The spirit of Fannie Guthry-Baehm, a woman murdered at the hotel by
her estranged husband in 1950 can still supposedly be seen wandering
the building.</span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Naturally,
the hotel has gone through a series of owners. From 1950 to 1964 it
was called the Renwald Hotel (after the owner at that time). In 1964,
with new owners, the hotel was renovated, a dining room was added,
and its name reverted to the <a href="https://vangilderseward.com/">Van Gilder Hotel</a>. </span></span>
</div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">In
1980 the building was added to the National Register of Historic
Places. The drawing shows the hotel as it looked in 2012. The Van
Gilder, serving up history and hospitality, still looks much the same
as it did when the hotel opened in 1921.</span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.11in;">
<br />
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.11in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Sources:</span></span></div>
<ul>
<li>“<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Novelist
Promotes Book, Hotel and Its Ghost.” Heidi Zemach. In<i> Seward
City News</i>. 9-10-2010</span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i> </i></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Seward,
Alaska: A History of the Gateway City</i>. Mary. J. Barry. MJP Barry.
1995</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span>“<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Van
Gilder Hotel.” Seward Historic Preservation web page,
<http://www.cityofseward.net>. 2004</span></span> </li>
<li>“<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Van
Gilder Hotel – National Register of Historic Places Nomination
Form.” Margaret Deck. National Park Service. 1980</span></span></li>
</ul>
Ray Bonnellhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15460854741609901809noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6319951471165566301.post-66086741088822546002020-03-17T15:34:00.001-08:002021-03-09T08:24:15.513-09:00Fairbanks looks back on anniversary of Masonic Temple loss This is a reprint of Kris Capps column in this morning's edition of the <i>Fairbanks Daily News-Miner </i>newspaper.To see the column I wrote eight years ago about the Masonic Temple click <a href="https://sketchesofalaska.blogspot.com/2012/06/fate-of-fairbanks-historic-masonic.html">here</a>.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRcjamNpkOvey19WOeURj1mo6kzzPCrErBQJGpl6WDaQXAmtFRHMuSF4kHMShoa5zuE3gdzbbbMDn6n3Ci8Auo3pPWFjFrIKSnjimXheYnhwStuyNwBauRO38SZbICQGgvQsPrHWzOSzI/s1600/Masonic+temple+3-17-2020+-+1a.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="318" data-original-width="500" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRcjamNpkOvey19WOeURj1mo6kzzPCrErBQJGpl6WDaQXAmtFRHMuSF4kHMShoa5zuE3gdzbbbMDn6n3Ci8Auo3pPWFjFrIKSnjimXheYnhwStuyNwBauRO38SZbICQGgvQsPrHWzOSzI/s1600/Masonic+temple+3-17-2020+-+1a.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span class="caption-text">The Masonic Temple was demolished two years
ago today. Here's an early photo of the building. The house to the right
was E.T. Barnette's house. </span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Two
years ago today, Fairbanks lost an important part of its history.<br />
<br />
The Masonic Temple at 809 First Ave., which stood for 112 years,
was one of the community’s most recognizable structures.<br />
<br />
But two years ago heavy snow collapsed a portion of the building’s
roof. City officials determined the structure was a pubic safety
hazard and 10 hours later, the entire building was reduced to a pile
of rubble. All that remained were memories of its Renaissance
Revival-style facade, of the presidential speech that took place
there, as well as years of meetings and social dances.<br />
<br />
“The loss of this building was a blow to our community’s
history and identity,” said Molly Proue, who chairs the Fairbanks
North Star Borough’s Historic Preservation Commission. “We call
attention to it today not only to commemorate its history and mourn
its loss, but also to call attention to the importance of historic
preservation and working to preserve what structures remain.”<br />
<br />
She pointed out that the community is currently rallying behind
preservation of the SS Nenana, a National Historic Landmark located
in Pioneer Park. A group called Friends of the SS Nenana spearheads
that effort.<br />
<br />
The Masonic Temple was also listed on the National Register of
Historic Places as of 1980, due to its architectural significance (as
part of the Renaissance Revival movement) and due to the role that
local fraternal organizations, such as the Masons, played in the
development of the city of Fairbanks in the early part of the 20th
century.<br />
<br />
The structure was built in 1906 by the Tanana Commercial Company.
Beginning in 1908 the building served as a Masonic meeting hall after
the Masonic Lodge purchased the building and made improvements. The
building was one of the few early buildings in Fairbanks still in its
original location. The great fire of 1906 spread west only as far as
Barnette Street, one block away.<br />
According to Patricia Schmidt, who shared a brief history of the
temple after its demolition, “the Masonic Temple had social and
humanitarian significance because the Masons long played an important
role in the development of the Fairbanks community. The fraternal
organization regularly contributed to needy families. They showed
concern for children who required special medical facilities, and
they maintained a special blood bank at the Fairbanks Memorial
Hospital. The masons traditionally keep their contributions
anonymous.”<br />
<br />
And that presidential address? President Warren Harding delivered
it from the front steps of the temple in 1923.<br />
<br />
When it was demolished, the building was owned by local
businessman Harold Groetsema. The plan had been to turn the building,
which was unoccupied and used for storage, into a banquet hall. But
that was pending structural repairs to everything from the foundation
to the roof.<br />
<br />
According to preservationist Molly Proue, interviewed after the
demolition two years ago, the Masonic Temple was one of the more
popular of the 200-plus structures on the local historic building
inventory.<br />
<br />
“I feel like, out of all of the buildings, people seemed to
really like that one,” she said. “I think because of it’s
distinctive architecture and its place on the river.”<br />
Ray Bonnellhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15460854741609901809noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6319951471165566301.post-83882903878960694322020-03-15T16:43:00.002-08:002021-03-09T08:25:38.851-09:00Navy gambled on Chickaloon coal and lost<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrS_K51pLIMchxTu82wqpGHOCYxvuTpKp_3NgProq5Fr5zYQTLLfwzWiz24iIAwUE6sY-B4JC_duA6jUmpztwHWNHYoKQpJVU-PlqNqr9HL8XkSxiK2RfzqjJW1reKhKamnke8XX654_k/s1600/Chickaloon+bunkhouse+for+blog.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="371" data-original-width="500" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrS_K51pLIMchxTu82wqpGHOCYxvuTpKp_3NgProq5Fr5zYQTLLfwzWiz24iIAwUE6sY-B4JC_duA6jUmpztwHWNHYoKQpJVU-PlqNqr9HL8XkSxiK2RfzqjJW1reKhKamnke8XX654_k/s1600/Chickaloon+bunkhouse+for+blog.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Chickaloon bunkhouse at Alpine Historical Park</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Chickaloon
is a small community located just off the Glenn Highway, about 75
miles northeast of Anchorage. </span></span>
</div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Prior
to Western contact the area was occupied by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dena%CA%BCina">Dena'ina Athabaskan Indians</a>. According the the book, </span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Shem
Pete's Alaska</i></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">,
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahtna">Ahtna Athabascans</a> from the Copper River Basin began displacing the
Dena’ina about 150 years ago.</span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_GoBack"></a>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">A
village, called Chickaloon after its last Dena'ina chief, Chicklu,
was located on the north bank of the Chickaloon River just above its
confluence with the Matanuska River. Present-day Native residents use
the Ahtna name Nay'dini'aa Na' for the community. </span></span>
</div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Trails
along the Matanuska River between Cook Inlet and the Copper River
Basin existed in pre-contact times, but they were primarily </span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">traveled</span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
between late fall and early spring, when sleds could be used.
Consequently, Athabascans in the area lived in isolation much of the
year.</span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">All
that changed when Westerners began exploring the region in the 1890s.
Coal deposits along the Matanuska River were discovered by
prospectors in 1894, and in 1898-99 Army exploration parties
conducted more detailed studies. Small-scale development occurred
during the early 1900s, and a mine at Chickaloon (in operation for
only a few years) was in production by 1906.</span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The
U.S. Navy became interested in coal deposits at Chickaloon for
possible use by its Pacific fleet and had Chickaloon coal brought out
for testing in the winter of 1913-14. The coal proved satisfactory,
and its availability was part of the impetus for selecting the
Matanuska/Susitna Valley route for the Alaska Railroad. At the same
time tracks were laid through the Susitna Valley towards Fairbanks,
tracks were also laid along the Matanuska River towards Chickaloon.</span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<a href="http://dggs.alaska.gov/webpubs/usbm/ri/text/ri5950.pdf"><br /></a>
</div>
<a href="http://dggs.alaska.gov/webpubs/usbm/ri/text/ri5950.pdf">
</a>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://dggs.alaska.gov/webpubs/usbm/ri/text/ri5950.pdf">Private mines developed along the Matanuska River</a>, but coal deposits at
Chickaloon were reserved for government usage. <a href="https://www.seniorvoicealaska.com/story/2020/02/01/columns/chickaloon-coal-drive-helps-to-establish-anchorage/2225.html">The government re-opened the mine at Chickaloon and built a "company" town there</a>, a few miles up the Chickaloon River from the Native village.</span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">On
October 24, 1917, the first train reached Chickaloon. According to
Katherine Wade's book, </span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Chickaloon
Spirit</i></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">,
1917 was also the year that most Athabascans living at Chickaloon
died in an influenza epidemic.</span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">By
1921 over 25 buildings had been erected at Chickaloon, including the
buildings associated with the mine, a power plant, mess hall, dorms
for 100 men, houses for families, infirmary, school, and two
roadhouses. </span></span>
</div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The
Navy’s Chickaloon coal mine was short-lived, though. Its coal,
while of high quality, had always been difficult to mine, and the
mine never produced up to expectations. Coupled with a move towards
converting its ships from coal to oil, the Navy decided in the spring
of 1922 to stop developing the mine. The Alaska Engineering
Commission operated the mine for another year but closed it in 1923.</span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Most
of the town’s population moved away, but Chickaloon eked out an
existence into the 1930s as a trading center and trans-shipment point
for freight headed to mining camps further up the Matanuska River or
in the Talkeetna Mountains.</span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Most
of the town’s buildings were eventually destroyed or relocated. A
few were moved down the railroad line to Sutton and Moose Creek.</span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Hlk532473993"></a>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The
14’ x 18’ wood-frame building shown in the drawing, built in
1917, was originally a Chickaloon bunkhouse. After the mine closed,
the building was moved to Moose Creek, where it was used first by
railroad section crews and then by Glenn Highway road crews. In 1954
Katie Wade bought the building and moved it to her property. It was
eventually bought by Eileen Haines, who donated the building to
Sutton’s <a href="http://www.alpinehistoricalpark.org/2752/2773.html">Alpine Historical Park</a> in 1984. The building was moved to
the park and restored, and it now open to the public.</span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Sources:</span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<ul>
<li>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>A
History of Coal-mining in the Sutton-Chickaloon area prior to WW II</i></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">.
Mary Bauer & Victoria Cole. Alaska Historical Commission Studies
in History. 1985</span></span></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Alaska’s
Abandoned Towns: Case Studies for Preservation and Interpretation</i></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">.
Linda Kay Thompson. Alaska Division of Parks. 1972</span></span></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Chickaloon
Spirit: The life and times of Katherine Wickersham Wade</i></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">.
Katherine Wade, as interviewed by Nancy Yaw Davis. Chickaloon Village
Traditional Council. 2004</span></span></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Shem
Pete’s Alaska: The Territory of the Upper Cook Inlet Dena’ina</i></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">.
James Kari & James A. Fall. University of Alaska Press. Second
Edition 2003</span></span></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>
“<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The
Orchestra at Chickaloon, Alaska: Anything for the Boys in Blue.”
Stephen Haycox. In </span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>A
Warm Past, Travels in Alaska History</i></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">.
Press North. 1988</span></span></li>
</ul>
Ray Bonnellhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15460854741609901809noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6319951471165566301.post-71324223795613473772020-03-11T04:28:00.001-08:002021-03-09T08:26:35.477-09:00Interior Alaska’s once numerous fishwheels dwindle in number<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlMpwLWFiqo1nSTg-_ijCvF8SlWcesfLpwBCIUs34IEpyopCspvCtS1y_W57eC2SVdIp7HqHjZ0W2v3AGvkyv_VNLpjvnSDOBnuPz2PG6BBgIvdBFGnn8DDxhYZRqalnLHFqi3osCpktQ/s1600/fish+wheel+for+blog.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="357" data-original-width="500" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlMpwLWFiqo1nSTg-_ijCvF8SlWcesfLpwBCIUs34IEpyopCspvCtS1y_W57eC2SVdIp7HqHjZ0W2v3AGvkyv_VNLpjvnSDOBnuPz2PG6BBgIvdBFGnn8DDxhYZRqalnLHFqi3osCpktQ/s1600/fish+wheel+for+blog.jpg" /></a></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
It may surprise people that the picturesque <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_wheel">fishwheels</a> that are so
much a part of Interior Alaska life, and so often associated with
Athabascan Indian culture, are not indigenous to Alaska or Canada.
Athabascans customarily used weirs, nets and traps for fishing, but
adopted fishwheels when the new technology was introduced at the end of the 19th century.</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
Their origins are
unknown, but fishwheels have been used for centuries throughout the
world, including in China, Japan, Europe, Scandinavia and the United
States. Fishwheels in the U.S. date to 1829, when they were used to
harvest shad from North Carolina rivers. Their usage soon spread to
nearby states.
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
In 1879 fishwheels
were introduced to the Columbia River, where they gained favor in
intercepting migrating salmon. By 1905 over seventy-five commercial
fishwheels operated along the Columbia, harvesting enormous
quantities of fish. According to a 2005 article in <i>Subsistence
Management Information</i> newsletter, in 1913 one Columbia River
wheel captured 70,000 pounds of salmon in a single day. Systematic
over-harvesting of Columbia River salmon led Oregon to ban fishwheels
in 1926, and Washington to follow suit in 1935.</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
Canneries may have
introduced fishwheels to Southeast Alaska. I found a 1908 photo from
the University of Washington archives showing an industrial-looking
Taku River fishwheel with a basket at least 20’ wide, undoubtedly
used commercially.
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
However, it was
goldseekers and their followers who brought fishwheels to Interior
Alaska and the Yukon during the Klondike gold rush. In the late
1890s and early 1900s fishwheels sprang up along the Yukon River from
about Anvik on the Middle Yukon, upstream into Canada. Fishwheel
usage eventually spread to other river systems, including the Copper,
Kuskokwim and Skwentna Rivers.
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
Athabascans and
Westerners both used fishwheels, and in 1918 there were 393
fishwheels operating along the Yukon and its tributaries. The
<i>Subsistence Management</i> article states that fishwheels were
ineffective on the Lower Yukon with its meandering waters. Hudson
Stuck, in his book, <i>Voyages on the Yukon and its Tributaries</i>,
states that with the Lower Yukon’s abundant salmon runs,
traditional methods of catching salmon were more than adequate and
fishwheels unnecessary.</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
The drawing, which
shows a fishwheel with rounded-end basket (common on the Yukon River)
is based on a historic photo taken in about 1950 near Fort Yukon. The
publication, <i>Fishwheels and How to Build Them</i>, states that
while modern fishwheels often incorporate naturally-occurring and
store-bought materials, fishwheels can be built entirely of birch or
spruce logs, poles and wooden pegs. It appears that the only
store-bought materials used in the drawing’s fishwheel were the
wire mesh for the basket, and possibly the milled lumber for the fish
catch-box and paddles. Older photos depict wheels with even the
catch-boxes constructed of cribbed logs.</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
Another common
variation of the fishwheel uses squared-end baskets. The book,
<i>Alaskan’s How To Handbook</i>, quotes expert fishwheel builder
and long-time Interior resident, Bill Taylor, as saying that
square-ended fishwheel baskets, with their sturdier basket frames,
are stronger than rounded-end baskets, and more suitable to
debris-laden rivers such as the Tanana.</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
Once, fishwheels
were common even on the Chena River. I have an acquaintance who
remembers, as a child, watching fishwheels just downstream from the
Cushman Street bridge.</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
The number of
operational fishwheels throughout Alaska has declined over the years.
In rural Alaska, snow machines have replaced dog teams (prodigious
fish consumers), and declining salmon runs in recent years have
contributed significantly to the reduced number of fishwheels.
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
According to the
Alaska Department of Fish and Game, only 69 fishwheels operated along
the Alaska section of Yukon River and its tributaries in 2015, and
fishwheels on the Chena River are now just a memory.</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
Sources:</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<ul>
<li><i>Alaskan’s How
To Handbook</i>. John Dart. Interior Trapper’s Association. 1981</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><i>Arctic-Yukon-Kuskokwim
Area Salmon Fishing History</i>. Steven Pennoyer, Kenneth Middleton &
Melvan Morris. State of Alaska Department of Fish and Game. 1998</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><i>Fishwheels and
How to Build Them</i>. Adult Literacy Laboratory. Anchorage Community
College. 1979</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>Photo of Yukon River
fishwheel taken by Frank Whaley. In the Wien Collection at the
Anchorage Museum</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>“Wheels spin into
2nd century in Alaska.” In <i>Subsistence Management Information</i>
newsletter. Vol. 5, No. 1, March 2005</li>
</ul>
Ray Bonnellhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15460854741609901809noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6319951471165566301.post-88882921992785191022020-03-08T22:15:00.001-08:002021-03-09T08:27:39.203-09:00Bureau of Land Management's YCC program enriched lives of youth from across Alaska<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZEbe8PeEIjkfMijJn2M1sKKjwKksPjlXHnD_hxxswr4ycgPEBpJx5bxzMIqSV1tItn0D7IY75NDpRVsmeGTeQzjEnCcg9u7fAfolg1zHZFs4w38UpR2h2q5zuOwR3pOkdSb2HabDpv-o/s1600/Tanacross+wellhouse+for+blog+-+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1014" data-original-width="1000" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZEbe8PeEIjkfMijJn2M1sKKjwKksPjlXHnD_hxxswr4ycgPEBpJx5bxzMIqSV1tItn0D7IY75NDpRVsmeGTeQzjEnCcg9u7fAfolg1zHZFs4w38UpR2h2q5zuOwR3pOkdSb2HabDpv-o/s400/Tanacross+wellhouse+for+blog+-+2.jpg" width="393" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Wellhouse at Tanacross YCC camp in 2012</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<br />
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The
small log cabin shown in the drawing is the last vestige of the
Bureau of Land Management's Youth Conservation Corps (YCC) camp at
<a href="https://sketchesofalaska.blogspot.com/2012/08/episcopal-missionaries-establish.html">Tanancross</a>. It is the camp's wellhouse, built in the 1970s.</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The
<a href="http://ccclegacy.org/">YCC</a>, patterned after the <a href="https://www.history.com/topics/great-depression/civilian-conservation-corps">Civilian Conservation Corps</a> of the 1930s, is
a federally-funded summer program, which in its early years, was
administered in Alaska by the U.S. Forest Service, Bureau of Land
Management (BLM), National Park Service, and the Alaska Department of
Natural Resources. Its purpose is to provide summer work
opportunities for young people (ages 15-18) and expose them to our
country's natural and cultural resources.</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The
</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">program</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
was authorized by Congress in 1970, and BLM began a YCC program in
Interior Alaska in about 1974. According to a 1977 </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Fairbanks
Daily News-Miner</i></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
article, the first Interior Alaska YCC camp was at 60-mile Steese
Highway (Cripple Creek campground), but in 1977 the camp moved to the
World War II-era Tanacross military airfield site, which was
transferred to BLM after the war. (The Big Dipper ice arena here in
Fairbanks is the former hanger from the Tanacross airfield.)</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The
YCC operated out of tents at the Tanacross Camp through the 1970s. A
1976 BLM report of YCC projects in Eastern Interior Alaska contains a
sketch map of the site showing half a dozen tent sites, plus the
wellhouse, sanitation facilities, and a kitchen area. Kirk Hoessle,
who worked with BLM's YCC program from 1976 to 1980, told me that all
the camp facilities were tents except for the the kitchen facility,
which was an ATCO unit, and the log wellhouse.</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
Kirk said that the
camp was used for training and team-building, and for R&R between
projects. Otherwise the 10-person teams were out in the field, either
involved with construction or maintenance projects (such as building
the Wickersham Creek trail shelter in the White Mountains) or
participating in resource inventory activities.</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">When
I visited the Tanacross site in 2012 the tent platforms were gone,
replaced by 8’x16’ wood-frame plywood-sheathed buildings on
post-and-pad foundations. The wood buildings weren't used for long,
though. The YCC program lost Congressional funding in 1980 when
Ronald Reagan was elected president. (Some states, seeing the benefit
of YCC activities, continued it at the state level, and, beginning in
1992, the YCC and similar programs have seen a resurgence at the
private, state and federal level.)</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">At
the federal level, the YCC limped along after 1980 with agencies
providing funds from their operating budgets. At some point during
the 1980s BLM ended its Interior Alaska YCC program, mothballing the
Tanacross camp. When I visited, the metal-roofed wood-frame buildings
were still in good condition, but the sod-roofed wellhouse showed a
definite lack of maintenance. If you look closely at the drawing,
those are trees growing out of the wellhouse roof.</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">All
the YCC camp buildings except for the wellhouse are gone now. After a
windstorm in the fall of 2012 wreaked havoc in the Tanancross and Tok
area, the YCC camp was cleaned up, and the wood-frame buildings,
which were undamaged, were moved to the nearby Tanacross Native
village.</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Now,
except for the wellhouse and a few isolated pipes and other debris
poking through the forest duff, nothing is left of the camp—save
for a small stand of lodgepole pine. Colin Cogley, a current BLM
recreation specialist, told me that near where the camp used to be is
a small stand of the trees. Lodgepole pine are not native to Alaska.
Perhaps a YCC crew planted a few pines as a team-building experience,
and those trees thrived—testament to a neglected but important part
of Interior Alaska history.</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Sources:</span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<ul>
<li>
“<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">BLM
Projects for the Fortymile Resource Area.” Merdith Lockwood &
James Bell. Bureau of Land Management. 1976</span></span></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Conversation
with Kirk Hoessle, former BLM employee who worked with YCC program</span></span></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Conversation
with Colin Cogley, BLM recreation specialist</span></span></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>
“<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The
Modern Corps Movement.” From “CCC Legacy,” on the Civilian
Conservation Corps Legacy website, <ccclegacy.org> </span></span>
</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>
“<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Youths
at Work and Play.” In </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Fairbanks
Daily News-Miner</i></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">.
6-18-1997</span></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
Ray Bonnellhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15460854741609901809noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6319951471165566301.post-88187458967317263882020-03-07T12:28:00.002-09:002020-03-07T12:28:56.216-09:00Marge Gull painting of Sulivan's Roadhouse<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCmIbcWiFIUGRRFUr35tUrFR1OeXolEqnP6hNcP_04-QAVWIVFPetMlUIHLLrbJ4XfwEze-oNKkPD_VDCUuijjvUC3oTHudbrQDbRTPdYdE0ZWr81no3t8M71IyTXdumZEUW4OHYu-30M/s1600/Sullivan%2527s+roadhouse+graphic+-+2+-+for+blog.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="367" data-original-width="500" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCmIbcWiFIUGRRFUr35tUrFR1OeXolEqnP6hNcP_04-QAVWIVFPetMlUIHLLrbJ4XfwEze-oNKkPD_VDCUuijjvUC3oTHudbrQDbRTPdYdE0ZWr81no3t8M71IyTXdumZEUW4OHYu-30M/s1600/Sullivan%2527s+roadhouse+graphic+-+2+-+for+blog.jpg" /></a></div>
<br />
<div align="left" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">This
painting shows the Sullivan Roadhouse, which was about 278 miles from
Valdez (86 miles from Fairbanks). </span></span></div>
<div align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">John
and Florence Sullivan (veterans of the Klondike, Nome and Fairbanks
gold rushes) built a sod-roofed log roadhouse during the winter of
1905-06 midway along the 55-mile-long Donnelly-Washburn Cut-off. It
was a Valdez-Fairbanks Trail winter shortcut that crossed the Tanana
River near Washburn House (near Birch Lake) and ran southeast to
Donnelly Roadhouse along the Delta River (about 37 miles south of Big
Delta). The winter trail bypassed <a href="https://sketchesofalaska.blogspot.com/2013/09/rikas-roadhouse-still-important-fixture.html">Big
Delta</a> and avoided the high winds and overflow common along the
section of the Delta River between Big Delta and Donnelly .</span></span></span></div>
<div align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">After
one winter of use, the <a href="https://sketchesofalaska.blogspot.com/2011/11/alaska-road-commission-55-years-of.html">Alaska
Road Commission</a> (ARC) realigned the winter cut-off to avoid
several steep grades, stranding the Sullivan Roadhouse four miles off
the trail. Undeterred, the Sullivans disassembled the roadhouse,
hauled the logs to the new trail location, and rebuilt the structure.
This time they added a metal roof, uncommon in early roadhouses.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="left" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">With
steady improvements to the main trail the winter cut-off received
less and less traffic, and after the Alaska Railroad was completed,
winter traffic disappeared completely. Sullivan Roadhouse was
abandoned in 1922.</span></span></div>
<div align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">The
land around the roadhouse was eventually annexed into Fort Greely. In
1997 the building was completely disassembled, moved piecemeal, and
reassembled in Delta Junction, this time on a new concrete
foundation. The building, now the <a href="https://alaska-highway.org/sullivan-roadhouse/">Sullivan
Roadhouse Historical Museum</a>, sits next to the Delta Junction
Visitor Center.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">For
more information on Sullivan Roadhouse follow this <a href="https://sketchesofalaska.blogspot.com/2013/03/sullivan-roadhouse-finds-rebuilt-life.html">link</a>.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Genevieve Marguerite (Marge)
Gull (who died in 2013) came to Alaska with her husband in 1938,
living first in Fairbanks and then Anchorage. She was an amateur
painter and painted 49 of the roadhouses along the Valdez-Fairbanks
Trail.</span></div>
<div align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">I
assume that at least some of her paintings were done from photographs
since many of the roadhouses disappeared long before Marge came to
Alaska. This painting is in the collection of the <a href="https://www.valdezmuseum.org/">Valdez
Museum</a>. For more of Marge's roadhouse paintings click </span></span><a href="https://sketchesofalaska.blogspot.com/search/label/Marge%20Gull%20roadhouse%20paintings"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">here</span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
I'll be adding more painting periodically.</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="left" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
</div>
Ray Bonnellhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15460854741609901809noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6319951471165566301.post-78184514638060575842020-03-06T19:47:00.001-09:002021-03-09T08:29:08.291-09:00Newly constructed Palmer Highway linked Anchorage to Matanuska Valley in 1936<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXJchBPiHo-vyLPz4ws6czoqP1UjhXLhkXGVjUOBOGkLBnq5WlP8G38uNTHiosLg7eRYo6NPTDViFLlwFpMqm0-xIzZAECz2d3hjpIY3BIMxBwR0YsiwYFulZlXheEnxhjLNPUvDSuOH0/s1600/Knik+River+Bridge+for+blog.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="392" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXJchBPiHo-vyLPz4ws6czoqP1UjhXLhkXGVjUOBOGkLBnq5WlP8G38uNTHiosLg7eRYo6NPTDViFLlwFpMqm0-xIzZAECz2d3hjpIY3BIMxBwR0YsiwYFulZlXheEnxhjLNPUvDSuOH0/s1600/Knik+River+Bridge+for+blog.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Kink
River Bridge as it looked in 2017. This views is from the </span></span>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">south
side of the bridge looking north towards Palmer.</span></span>
</div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">When
a New Deal agricultural resettlement project was established in the
Matanuska Valley in 1935, there was limited infrastructure in place
to support development. Don Irwin, former director of the Matanuska
Experiment Station and General Manager of the <a href="https://matanuskacolony.wordpress.com/about/">Matanuska Colony</a>
resettlement project, wrote in his book, <i>The Colorful Matanuska
Valley</i>, that the valley only had about 100 miles of graded road
before the project began. </span></span>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Anchorage,
the region’s commercial center, was 50 miles away. However, it was
only reachable by foot, by boat, or by railroad. Realizing the
importance of a road link, territorial and local officials quickly
began planning for a road to the valley. </span></span>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The
area between Anchorage and the Matanuska Valley was sparsely
populated. There were only scattered homesteads along the railroad
r-o-w, a Dena'ina Athabascan village and boarding school at <a href="https://sketchesofalaska.blogspot.com/2019/02/eklutnas-orthodox-church-may-be-oldest.html">Eklutna</a>,
and a hydroelectric plant just east of Eklutna. </span></span>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">According
to Marjorie Cochrane's book, <i>Between Two Rivers</i>, </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>the Growth of Chugiak-Eagle River, </i></span></span>a
motor-vehicle bridge was constructed across Eagle River in the winter
of 1934/35 and work extending the road to Palmer began later in 1935.
The road was a joint project between Anchorage Light & Power
Company, which owned the Eklutna power plant; and the Alaska Road
Commission. </span></span>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">In
addition to blazing approximately 30 miles of road, a bridge across
the Knik River was needed. By the winter of 1935/1936, most of the
one-lane highway from Eagle River to the Knik River had been punched
through, and work was proceeding on the bridge, about eight miles up
the Knik River.</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">By
mid-winter the road was tantalizingly close to completion and some
valley residents simply could not wait for its official opening. One
colonist, Margaret Miller, writes in her unpublished book, <i>A
Creek, A Hill and a Forty</i>, </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>the
first year of the Matanuska Colony, </i></span></span>of Palmer’s Seventh-Day Adventist
pastor, who, not wanting to pay $40 to have his car shipped to Palmer
by railroad, drove it from Anchorage to Palmer in January of 1936. He traveled roads most of the way, but resorted to dogsled trails when
necessary, and crossed the Knik River on the ice below the unfinished
bridge.</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Margaret
also wrote that later in January, Ernie Kling, a Palmer resident,
began a trucking service between Palmer and Anchorage. King
apparently crossed the the Matanuska and Knik Rivers via railroad
bridges.</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Interestingly,
an automobile was not the first vehicle to cross the Palmer Highway’s
Knik River Bridge. That honor went to a dogsled piloted by Mrs. Lee
Rees of Anchorage. Rees mushed her dogteam to Palmer along the
unfinished highway in March. The ice beneath the incompletely-decked
Knik River bridge was too thin to attempt, so she crossed the bridge
with the help of workers on-site. </span></span>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The
1200’-long 6-span steel-truss bridge was completed by the fall and
was officially opened on September 4, 1936, just in time for the
first Matanuska Valley fair.</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">A
reroute of the highway, which bypassed the the Knik River segment of
the road, was started in 1963. The new route crossed the hay flats at
the head of Knik Arm and included new bridges across the Knik and
Matanuska Rivers. The reroute was fortuitous since the March 1964
Good Friday earthquake damaged the old bridge, although it was still usable. The reroute was completed in 1966.</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The
old highway and Knik River bridge remained open as an alternate route
to Palmer, and in 1975 a new bridge was built adjacent to the old
one. The old bridge was closed to vehicular traffic but remained open
for pedestrians. Situated at the southern edge of the Knik River
Public Use Area, the bridge is now a popular destination for joggers
and walkers.</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Sources:</span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>A
Creek, a Hill, and a Forty, </i></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>the
first year of the Matanuska Colony</i></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">.
Margaret Miller & Ray Bonnell. Unpublished manuscript</span></span></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Between
Two Rivers, the Growth of Chugiak-Eagle River</i></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">.
Marjorie Cochrane. Alaska</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> Historical
Commission. 1983</span></span></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>“<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Historic
and Notable Bridges of the U.S.” Bridgehunter.com. 2002-2018</span></span></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>“<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">National
Bridge Inventory Database.” BridgeReports.com. 2012-2018</span></span></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>The
Colorful Matanuska Valley</i></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">.
Don l. Irwin. No publisher. 1968</span></span></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>The
1935 Matanuska Colony Project</i></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">.
Helen Hegener. Northern Light Media. 2014</span></span></li>
</ul>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
Ray Bonnellhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15460854741609901809noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6319951471165566301.post-77752228500386801272020-03-03T09:17:00.001-09:002021-03-09T08:29:50.748-09:00110-year-old building returns home to Chena<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9-MStB0GeRpoPVsR1aUM9sCa_IZ2QDy7xKw_9PwUwm6NXR_sdrdiPBQK7ARAUKR1OjMuGwmee-HnhhlXWK2bKrXLdQv6fOTsMTmje5UixfSRIA3xVOMnPMgm5w1YuKNijHeuCxK6MM_E/s1600/Chena+building+for+blog.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="358" data-original-width="500" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9-MStB0GeRpoPVsR1aUM9sCa_IZ2QDy7xKw_9PwUwm6NXR_sdrdiPBQK7ARAUKR1OjMuGwmee-HnhhlXWK2bKrXLdQv6fOTsMTmje5UixfSRIA3xVOMnPMgm5w1YuKNijHeuCxK6MM_E/s1600/Chena+building+for+blog.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Old Chena townsite building as it was being prepped for the return trip to Chena</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">In early 1901, months before <a href="https://sketchesofalaska.blogspot.com/2012/05/charles-adams-and-ss-lavelle-young-were.html">E.T. Barnette’s party landed on the bank of the Chena River</a>, George Belt
and Nathan Hendricks opened a trading post on the south bank of the
Tanana River, across from the Chena River’s mouth. </span>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">During
the next year prospecting in the hills north of the Tanana increased,
and the <a href="https://sketchesofalaska.blogspot.com/2012/01/wamcats-linked-fairbanks-to-rest-of.html">Washington-Alaska Military Cable and Telegraph System (WAMCATS)</a> began rerouting a portion of its telegraph line along the
north bank of the Tanana River. Consequently, Belt and Hendricks
moved their trading post to the Tanana’s north bank in the spring
of 1902. </span>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0.2in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Buoyed
by an influx of stampeders from Rampart, a town sprang into existence
south of the Chena’s mouth. At first it was called Tanana City,
then Chenoa (later shortened to Chena). </span>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0.2in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Belt
and Hendricks reserved a lot in the center of town, and others staked
lots around them. Chena’s early days were a helter-skelter
free-for-all. Lot jumping was common, and the only way to enforce a
claimant’s rights was with force. According to Terrence Cole’s
book, </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><i>Crooked Past—The History of
a Frontier Mining Camp: Fairbanks, Alaska,</i></span> two residents who had staked a lot and
built a cabin at Chena returned from a trip upriver to find that all
their possessions, including their cabin, had been stolen. </span>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0.2in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">It
was not until Martin Harrais arrived at Chena in the fall of 1903
that some semblance of order began to appear. Harrais was a business
associate of Falcon Joslin, who was the driving force behind
construction of the <a href="https://sketchesofalaska.blogspot.com/2012/03/tanana-valley-railroad-gold-dust-line.html">Tanana Mines Railway (TMR), later renamed the Tanana Valley Railroad</a>.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0.2in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Harrais
came to Chena to map a preliminary route for the railway and went on
to become the first mayor of Chena. His party wagered that Chena had
a better location than Fairbanks, and that Fairbanks could not
survive. The railway route chosen by Harrais’s party ran from Chena
to the foot of Pedro Dome northeast of Fairbanks, and bypassed
Fairbanks entirely. Within a year, however, it was decided to extend
the line to Fairbanks.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0.19in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">With
Chena becoming the TVR’s southern terminus, the town quickly grew,
for a time </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">rivaling</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">
Fairbanks. During its boom years of 1904-1905, it boasted </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">numerous
stores and saloons, a telegraph office, at least one church, a
hospital, several newspapers, police and fire departments, bustling
waterfront, and large railroad yard. </span>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0.19in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Prosperity
was not to last though. While Fairbanks grew, Chena shrank. By 1910
about 4,000 people lived in the Fairbanks/Garden Island/Graehl area,
while less than 200 called Chena home. </span>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0.19in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://sketchesofalaska.blogspot.com/2013/04/railroad-changed-nenana-forever.html">In 1915 Nenana was chosen as the northern headquarters for construction of the Alaska Railroad</a>, and the next year many of Chena’s deserted
buildings were disassembled and floated to Nenana. Others were moved
to Fairbanks. By 1920, when the railroad tracks to Chena were torn
up, Chena had only 18 residents.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0.19in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">The
building shown in the drawing is one of the structures moved from
Chena to Fairbanks. It is a wood-frame structure, about 8’ x 20’,
with a shed roof and false front. The structure was probably built
between 1904 and 1907, and the false front suggests that it was once
a commercial building. </span>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0.3in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">It
was moved to Weeks Field (where Noel Wien Library is now), which was
Fairbanks’ first airport. During World War II the building was used
by the Civil Aeronautics Authority as housing. When Fairbanks
International Airport opened in 1951, Weeks Field closed, and the old
building was relocated to the property of Alaska Stewart Linck on
10</span><sup><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">th</span></sup><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">
Avenue. </span>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0.25in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Linck’s
son, James Moody, inherited the structure upon her death. After Moody
died last year, his estate donated the building to the Alaska State
Parks. The building was returned to Chena in the winter of 2018-19.
Now located at Chena Pump Wayside, it is awaiting restoration.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Sources:</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<ul>
<li>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Correspondence with Martin
Gutoski, Fairbanks historian</span></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><i>Crooked Past—The History of
a Frontier Mining Camp: Fairbanks, Alaska</i></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">.
Terrence Cole. University of Alaska Press. 1991</span></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>
<em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="en-US"><span style="font-style: normal;">"City
of Fairbanks impounds trailer carrying historic building." Sam
Friedman. In </span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="en-US">Fairbanks
Daily News-Miner </span></span></em><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="en-US"><span style="font-style: normal;">newspaper.
</span></span></span></em><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="en-US"><span style="font-style: normal;">
11-16-2018</span></span></span></em></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Signage at Chena Pump Wayside</span></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><i>Tanana Valley Railroad: The
Gold Dust Line</i></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">.
Nicholas Deely. Denali Designs. 1996</span></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>
<em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="en-US">U.S.
Census, 1910, 1920</span></span></em></li>
</ul>
Ray Bonnellhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15460854741609901809noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6319951471165566301.post-92125179106380036112019-12-17T23:22:00.002-09:002021-03-09T08:31:26.373-09:00Kulis Air National Guard Base served Alaska for over 50 years<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="en-US"> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgU4S_9QjZPL5c58pFo2N1nN6Xofnv5LGqCNzMt6TR9eM5CDbDdSWt1SqUWQXqUpRBLT9_VXR0KgA-nmDpLw9MzSMtr0j5EFGOyBOLGsWwjy787rA2rXeME5gCu1pzP91K02qUw3bmDOp8/s1600/Kulis+for+blog.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="323" data-original-width="500" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgU4S_9QjZPL5c58pFo2N1nN6Xofnv5LGqCNzMt6TR9eM5CDbDdSWt1SqUWQXqUpRBLT9_VXR0KgA-nmDpLw9MzSMtr0j5EFGOyBOLGsWwjy787rA2rXeME5gCu1pzP91K02qUw3bmDOp8/s1600/Kulis+for+blog.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Kulis Air National Guard Base in the early 1960s, with a Fairchild C-123J parked in front.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
According to National Park Service documents, Alaska’s first Air National Guard unit, the 8144th Air Base Squadron, was formed at Anchorage in September 1952. In July 1953 the unit was re-designated the 144th Fighter-Bomber Squadron.<br />
<br />
The Air Guard operated out of Elmendorf Air Force Base until 1955. That year 77 acres (later enlarged to 129 acres) was leased at Anchorage’s international airport, and a hangar for maintaining fighter-bombers was constructed at the airport’s southeast corner. The newly-established facility was named Kulis Air National Guard Base, in honor of Lt. Albert Kulis, an Alaska Air Guard pilot killed in a 1954 crash.<br />
<br />
In 1957 the unit was re-designated the 144th Air Transportation Squadron. Its first transport planes were Douglas C-47 “Gooney Birds.”<br />
<br />
The squadron’s new role required a larger hangar, and in 1959 the hangar shown in the drawing was constructed. This building is 48' high, 176' wide and 157' deep, with steel roof trusses and metal siding. (This second hangar, the only surviving one at the base, is now called Hangar 1.)<br />
<br />
A two-story shed-roofed addition was built on the west side of the hangar in 1963. As the 144th shifted to Fairchild C-123 “Provider” transport planes in 1960, and then to Lockeed C-130s in 1976, the roof trusses were modified to accept the higher tail fins of the newer planes.<br />
<br />
Kulis planes flew search and rescue and supply missions throughout Alaska, and eventually world-wide. Two of it best-known missions occurred during the 1960s.<br />
<br />
The 1964 Good Friday earthquake destroyed much of Southcentral Alaska’s communication infrastructure. Initially, radios in Air Guard C-123s provided the only communications link with the outside world. Also, the Anchorage airport’s control tower collapsed during the earthquake, so a C-123 circling the airport served as a temporary air traffic control center. Over the next few weeks guardsman flew 77 missions evacuating people, and delivering personnel and supplies to communities throughout the region.<br />
<br />
Three years later, in summer 1967, the Chena River overflowed its banks inundating the Fairbanks area. Within five hours of learning about the disaster, Kulis planes were in the air. During the next nine days guardsman flew 138 missions, evacuating flood victims and delivering supplies.<br />
<br />
In 1969 the Alaska Air Guard unit was re-designated the 176th Tactical Airlift Group. The unit’s functions, the number and types of aircraft it used, and its Kulis facilities greatly expanded over the next 35 years. By the turn of the century the unit was running out of space at Anchorage international airport and a 2005 study recommended that the unit be transferred across town to Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson (JBER).<br />
<br />
In 2011 Kulis closed, and Air Guard personnel and aircraft moved to new facilities at JBER. The Kulis facility reverted to the State and it is now managed as Kulis Business Park. Since closing, 16 of Kulis’s 20 buildings have been demolished. Four buildings remain, including Hangar 1. All of the buildings except the hangar have found new tenants.<br />
<br />
Hangar No. 1 was added to the National Register of Historic Places in May of this year. Due to contamination, high remediation costs, and other factors, its future remains uncertain.<br />
<br />
The plane in the drawing is a Fairchild C-123J transport. The C-123J was a standard C-123B modified for arctic operation. The modifications included small jet engines mounted on its wingtips to provide additional lift for takeoffs from short airstrips and to improve in-flight performance. C-123Js could also be fitted with retractable skis.<br />
<br />
The model was developed for the U.S. Strategic Air Command to supply its arctic installations, and the Alaska Air Guard was the only National Guard unit in the U.S to fly C-123Js. The Alaska Region of the Federal Aviation Administration also operated C-123js.. Two C-123js still reside in Alaska: one is on display at the Air Guard facility at JBER, and the other is at the Museum of Alaska Transportation and Industry in Wasilla. <br />
<br />
Sources:<br />
<ul>
<li>“Alaska Air National Guard unit prepares for larger role at Elmendorf.” Fred W. Baker III. American Forces Press Service. 8-21-2007</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>"History of Kulis Air National Guard Base.” Robert M. Braley. Jr.. On “Alaska Storyteller Photography” website, <http://www.alaskastorytellerphotography.com> 2007</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>“Kulis Land Use Plan.” State of Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities. 2011</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>“Kulis Hangar 1, National Register of Historic Places Registration Form.” Rob Stapleton, Jr.. National Park Service. 2019</li>
</ul>
Ray Bonnellhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15460854741609901809noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6319951471165566301.post-37707165703999677012019-08-29T17:39:00.000-08:002019-08-29T17:39:15.504-08:00George Cheever Hazelet helped develop Valdez and Cordova<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZkGvla8KaOEN1vuP2RI9lcHoEezy_WsBxSaNDln7-p6MQnnbkL5zJJx1uP_mCVWuqsHtCKypyoip7G-orTNBQXg-r2vi2m4VEKWb1CQdoucZuEX0Qdbk0mx1Ix6TSTMnNbon17EKHAK4/s1600/Hazelet+house+for+blog.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="354" data-original-width="500" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZkGvla8KaOEN1vuP2RI9lcHoEezy_WsBxSaNDln7-p6MQnnbkL5zJJx1uP_mCVWuqsHtCKypyoip7G-orTNBQXg-r2vi2m4VEKWb1CQdoucZuEX0Qdbk0mx1Ix6TSTMnNbon17EKHAK4/s1600/Hazelet+house+for+blog.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Hazelet's house in Cordova as it looks today</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">George
Cheever Hazelet was a resident of Omaha, Nebraska when news of the Klondike
gold strike reached the contiguous United States in 1897. Even though he had a
wife and children, Hazelet headed north to seek his fortune.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">In March
of 1898 he and his partner, A.J. (Andrew Jackson) Meals, landed at the tent settlement
at the head of Valdez Bay. They traversed the <a href="https://sketchesofalaska.blogspot.com/2016/12/parts-of-valdez-eagle-trail-can-still.html">Valdez Glacier Trail</a>, a treacherous route across Valdez and Klutina Glaciers and down the Klutina River to Copper Center, but ventured no further
than the Copper River Basin. (After the harrowing transit of the glacier route,
few ‘98ers had the will or resources to forge on to the Klondike.) Hazelet’s
party prospected the upper basin, discovering gold along the <a href="https://sketchesofalaska.blogspot.com/2017/07/chistochina-area-has-brief-but-rich.html">Chisna River</a> near
the Chistochina River’s headwaters.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">For
three years Hazelet’s men mined there. Although the diggings were rich, the
area’s difficult geography, almost non-existent transportation system and
undependable weather made the operation unprofitable. Hazelet had mortgaged his
claims to pay operating expenses, and unable to pay off the loan, turned
ownership of the claims over to the bank.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Hazelet
and Meals abandoned Chisna and settled in <a href="http://valdezalaska.org/">Valdez</a>, eventually bringing their
families north to join them. In 1901 they acquired 720 acres of land west of
"old" Valdez and platted it into a townsite. Referred to as Hazelet's
Hay Ranch or Hazeletville, the area is where Valdez moved to after the 1964
Good Friday earthquake,</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">In
addition to jobs such as guiding mineral exploration parties, Hazelet labored
as a booster for the Valdez area. He tried to entice businesses in old Valdez to
move from the lowlands on the bay’s east side to his townsite, and to attract
developers to construct a railroad from Valdez to the rich copper deposits in
the Wrangell Mountains. He also became the local agent for the Copper River and
Northwestern Railway.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">According
to Elizabeth Tower’s book, “Icebound Empire,” in 1902 coal was discovered near
the Bering Glacier 200 miles southeast of Valdez.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"> Hazelet and several other Valdez
businessmen decided that a location on the sound’s eastern edge would be best for
developing the Bering River coal fields and in 1905 they reserved a townsite at
Odiak Slough on Orca Inlet.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">This
was the location Mike Heney chose in 1906 as the terminus for his Copper River
Railway. In 1908, after the Copper River and Northwestern Railway bought out
Heney’s operation and moved its headquarters to <a href="http://cordovaalaska.com/">Cordova</a>, Hazelet moved there.
As a townsite trustee, he became an avid booster for the townsite and region.
When Cordova incorporated in 1909 Hazelet was elected as the city’s first
mayor. He also served as president of the Cordova Chamber of Commerce.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Cordova
stairsteps up the lower slopes of Mount Eyak, and Hazelet built a 1 ½-story
Craftsman-style house on Fourth Street at the upper limits of the townsite.
Although the house’s exact construction date is unknown, the December 1910
issue of <i>Alaska-Yukon Magazine</i>, devoted almost exclusively to Cordova and its
environs, features photographs of the house.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
wood-frame structure, shown in the drawing, has commanding views of the town
and Orca Inlet. It displays many of the hallmarks of Craftsman architecture,
including deep overhanging eaves with exposed rafters and under-eave brackets,
a large front porch—in this case covered by a pergola, tapered square columns
supporting the pergola (closer inspection shows the tapered column motif
carried over to the vertical molding bracketing the windows), the use of
natural materials like stone and shingles, and double-hung windows with
multi-lite upper window assemblies.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">As
it is now finished, the house’s exterior façade looks much like it did in the
early 1900s. </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Most of the exterior is sheathed with beveled wood siding, while
portions of the basement, fireplace, chimney, and second floor are covered with
wood shingles. </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
fireplace and chimney originally showcased rockwork. The dormer windows are a
recent addition but meld perfectly with the original architecture.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Not
prone to idleness, Hazelet went on to participate in the short-lived 1913 <a href="https://www.nps.gov/wrst/learn/historyculture/chisana-historical-site.htm">Chisana</a>
(Shushana) gold rush, helping pioneer a trail from McCarthy over the Nizina and
Chisana glaciers to Chisana. He also partnered with railroad builder, Falcon
Joslin, in developing the <a href="http://www.litsitealaska.org/index.cfm?section=digital-archives&page=Industry&cat=Oil-and-Gas&viewpost=2&ContentId=2747">Chilkat Oil Company</a> oil field in the Katalla area. Hazelet
died at Cordova in 1926.</span></div>
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<br />Ray Bonnellhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15460854741609901809noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6319951471165566301.post-33828259734500864302019-05-09T09:29:00.000-08:002019-05-09T09:29:12.589-08:00Cordova’s Red Dragon provided Christian alternative to city’s saloons<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8KTec_41t046a0gVnpF-INRA37t68z4CGbDAEgju-BFWkW-3K24ayb783iSoNGGPsl5Z3EqnC5PMGDjtGdMeoHxMy8R3i5_mv3BFNfMQwTTcWqQZvRwg_OPZO2fbhjYQyBLGX5Rxpw48/s1600/Red+Dragon+for+blog.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="356" data-original-width="500" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8KTec_41t046a0gVnpF-INRA37t68z4CGbDAEgju-BFWkW-3K24ayb783iSoNGGPsl5Z3EqnC5PMGDjtGdMeoHxMy8R3i5_mv3BFNfMQwTTcWqQZvRwg_OPZO2fbhjYQyBLGX5Rxpw48/s1600/Red+Dragon+for+blog.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
The Red Dragon, a Christian
social club run by the Episcopal Church, as it looked in 1909. </div>
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The drawing is
based on a photo in the Walter and Lillian Phillips photograph collection </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
at
the University of Alaska, Fairbanks Archives.</div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
<a href="http://www.cityofcordova.net/">City of Cordova</a> is located on the eastern-most shore of <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Prince-William-Sound">Prince William Sound</a>, across
Orca Inlet from Hawkins Island. This area was the western edge of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyak_people">Eyak Indian</a> territory,
while <a href="https://alutiiqmuseum.org/learn/the-alutiiq-sugpiaq-people">Sugpiaq</a> (also called Chugach Eskimo) occupied the rest of the sound.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Historically,
Cordova is perhaps best known as the southern terminus of the Copper River and
Northwestern Railway (CR&NW). However, almost two decades before the railroad, Odiak Slough,
just south of present-day downtown Cordova. was the site of a small cannery
town, first called Odiak and then Eyak. By 1900, however, Eyak’s canneries were
defunct.</span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><a href="http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/heney_michael_james_13E.html">Mike Heney</a>, who had overseen construction of the White Pass and Yukon Railway, hoped
to ramrod a railroad from Prince William Sound up the Copper River to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennecott,_Alaska">Kennecott's copper mines</a>, and he bought Eyak’s empty cannery buildings in 1905. A townsite
was laid out at the head of Odiak Slough, and Heney named the reborn town,
Cordova. Businesses sprang up around Heney’s railroad operations. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Another
townsite was soon established just north of the slough, and most businesses
moved from “Old Town” to the new townsite to make room for railroad facilities.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Nicki
Nielson’s book, “The Red Dragon and St. George’s,” states that the rector of
Valdez’s Episcopal parish, Rev. E.P. Newton, visited Cordova in 1907 and saw
the need for an alternative to the town’s rowdy saloons. Rather than a church, Newton
envisioned a Christian social club, open 24/7, with reading materials, games and
other civilized entertainments.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">His
vision became a 24' x 36' gable-roofed wood-frame building erected on land
donated by the railroad. Named the Red Dragon since it was painted railroad red
with paint donated by the CR&NW, it was built in the summer of 1908, and opened
on July 18th. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">It
was the second structure completed in the new townsite, opening four days after
the Northern Saloon. (The saloon owner had outbid Rev. Newton for a lot of
scarce lumber.) The Red Dragon is the oldest building in Cordova. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
interior of the Red Dragon was an undivided room with a large fireplace at the west
end. Its furnishings included several couches, numerous chairs and tables, a
piano and a pool table. Well-stocked with books, magazines, writing materials and
games, it welcomed all who entered. On Sundays an altar was lowered from the
rafters for services.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">In
January 1909, Eustace Ziegler, who became one of Alaska’s foremost pioneer
artists, arrived in Cordova as the Red Dragon’s lay missionary. Ziegler's
father was an Episcopal priest, and his four sons, including Eustace, were all eventually
ordained. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Born
in Detroit, Eustace spent his boyhood around Detroit’s docks and later worked odd
jobs in Michigan logging camps, equipping him to work with railroad roustabouts
as well as Cordova’s more genteel citizens. He also held services at camps along
the railroad line, as well as along the coast as far south as Katalla.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
needs of Cordova's Episcopalian parishioners soon outgrew a social club. In the
mid-1910s Ziegler designed a church building and St. George's Episcopal Church
was built adjacent to the Red Dragon in 1918-1919. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Ziegler,
who married while in Cordova, moved with his wife to Seattle in 1924 to pursue
art full-time. After Ziegler's departure and for most of St. George's history the
church has shared a priest with Valdez.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
Red Dragon was used for varied purposes after St. George’s was built. including
as a rectory, a public library and a rental property. The building was almost lost
to a State road-widening project in 1964, but church officials and Cordova
residents rallied to save it. In 1982 both it and St. George's were added to
the National Register of Historic Places.</span></div>
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According to <a href="https://cordovaepiscopal.org/">St. George’s Episcopal Church website</a>, between 2013 and 2016 the parish undertook restoration work on
the Red Dragon, including installing a new foundation and replacing the roof. The
parish is currently working on restorations to St. George’s.</div>
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The Red Dragon now serves as the
parish hall, as well as being available for community events.</div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sources:</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">“From
Fish and Copper: Cordova’s Heritage and Buildings.” Nicki J. Nielsen. Cordova
Historical Society. 1984</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></li>
</ul>
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</div>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">“Red
Dragon Historic District, National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form.”
Nicki J. Nielson & Michael S. Kennedy. National Park Service. 1982</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
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<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">St. George’s Episcopal Church website, <https://cordovaepiscopal.org
></span></li>
</ul>
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</div>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">“The
Red Dragon and St. George’s: Glimpses into Cordova’s Past.” <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Hlk7683893">Nicki J. Nielsen. </a>Fathom Publishing Company. 1983</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></li>
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<br />Ray Bonnellhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15460854741609901809noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6319951471165566301.post-46227333324543617362019-03-26T09:29:00.001-08:002021-03-11T08:51:20.544-09:00Old Caterpillar tractor from Manley still puttering along<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiq3_vY_6TmFC1tk6EN0t94acYDML-ReSiQIlGRNDa0hkO3GBcIy5-v43oxwly7pkxKNyIXbIQvBgABr2yzkutx24hoJKAm9wmjQmla8js66wzftfsx9QMmzZhenIbyCWjdRKpWquwq_M/s1600/Caterpillar+Fifteen+for+blog+-+1a.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="365" data-original-width="500" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiq3_vY_6TmFC1tk6EN0t94acYDML-ReSiQIlGRNDa0hkO3GBcIy5-v43oxwly7pkxKNyIXbIQvBgABr2yzkutx24hoJKAm9wmjQmla8js66wzftfsx9QMmzZhenIbyCWjdRKpWquwq_M/s1600/Caterpillar+Fifteen+for+blog+-+1a.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">In 1929,
C.W. Cash, a sales representative for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska_Commercial_Company">Northern Commercial Company</a>, traveled through
Interior Alaska visiting prospective customers. While at <a href="https://sketchesofalaska.blogspot.com/2012/04/manleys-northern-commercial-company.html">Manley Hot Springs</a>, a small isolated community along the Tanana River, he
met with Jim Liska. Liska had been running freight in the Manley area for years
using horse-drawn wagons and sleds.</span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">After
test driving a small Caterpillar Ten tractor, Liska decided to purchase a
Caterpillar Fifteen (Cat-15). The Cat-15 was a small gasoline-powered tracked
tractor, putting out 15 horsepower. It normally came with a 40" wide
track, but could also be ordered with a 50" track, which made the tractor
wider than it was tall and more stable on slopes. The tractor had three forward
and one reverse gear, and a top speed of about 9 mph. It weighed 5790 pounds
and could pull its own weight.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Liska
ordered the Cat-15 with a 50" track, and snow and ice grousers (cleats
that attached to the track to increase traction). The tractor arrived in Fairbanks
via the <a href="http://www.alaskarails.org/historical/construction/menu.html">Alaska Railroad</a> in 1930, and by November of 1930 Liska was hauling
freight from Manley to the mining camp of Eureka, about 25 miles away.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">He also
ran freight between Fairbanks and Manley using his new Cat. At that time there
was no all-season road to Manley. Fairbanks is about 70 miles east of Manley,
but the most direct route crosses the <a href="http://www.adfg.alaska.gov/index.cfm?adfg=mintoflats.main">Minto Flats</a>, a large wetland area
adjacent to the Tanana river. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">A
90-mile-long all-season road had been blazed by the <a href="https://sketchesofalaska.blogspot.com/2011/11/alaska-road-commission-55-years-of.html">Alaska Road Commission</a> (ARC) from Fairbanks to Livengood </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">in 1928. This road cut </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">across
the uplands east and north of the Minto Flats . Unfortunately, a road southwest
from Livengood to Manley was not completed until 1958.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
only viable land-route was the old <a href="https://sketchesofalaska.blogspot.com/2012/01/wamcats-linked-fairbanks-to-rest-of.html">Washington-Alaska Military Cable and Telegraph System</a> (WAMCATS) sled road which followed the Tanana River from Manley to
Dunbar, a section camp for the Alaska Railroad (ARR) about ten miles north of
Nenana. From Dunbar the sled road paralleled the railroad tracks to Fairbanks. The
WAMCATS route traversed the Tanana Flats, so was unusable during the summer.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">According
to Claus-M. Naske's book, </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><i>Paving
Alaska’s Trails, The Work of the Alaska Road Commission,</i></span></span> Manley-area residents had
lobbied the ARC for years to build an all-season road.
However, with reliable summer riverboats plying the Tanana, the ARC never acquiesced.
The all-season road from Livengood to Manley was not completed until after the
ARR ceased <a href="https://sketchesofalaska.blogspot.com/2012/06/ss-nenana-last-steamboat-to-fairbanks.html">riverboat service along the Tanana River.</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Liska
used the 80-mile-long WAMCATS route for winter freighting. The trip took 20
hours travel-time one-way, with tractor-plus-sleds making about 4 mph. The Cat’s
23-gallon tank was too small to hold enough fuel for the entire trip, so refueling
along the way was necessary. Liska carried extra fuel, but Jim Gibertoni, the
tractor’s current owner, told me that Liska probably also cached fuel along the
route at communities like Old Minto and Tolovana, where fuel could be dropped
off by riverboat during the summer.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Gibertoni
also related to me that Liska did not immediately abandon his horses after
buying the Cat-15. Early tractors were notoriously had to extricate once stuck,
so two horses accompanied the tractor-train to help pull it out of trouble.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">In addition
to freighting, Liska used the tractor for grading roads in the Manley area, as
well as hauling wood. It was also utilized in Manley for a variety of functions.
With a belt attached to the power-take-off at the rear of the tractor, it alternately
powered water pumps, a small sawmill, and a DC dynamo which provided electricity
to much of Manley. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Liska
died in 1948. The Cat went through a series of owners, always staying in the
Manley area until it was purchased by Gibertoni from Cy Hetherington.
Gibertoni, recently retired, was looking for a tractor to restore when the Cat
became available.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Gibertoni
brought the still functional tractor to Fairbanks, and completely disassembled
and rebuilt it to operating condition, having new parts manufactured when necessary.
The almost-all-original-equipment Cat-15 is presently on temporary display at
NC Machinery on Van Horn Road in Fairbanks, but Gibertoni is looking for a more
permanent display location.</span><br />
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footer"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of figures"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sources:</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Conversation
with Jim Gibertoni, current owner of the Manley Caterpillar Fifteen tractor.</span></div>
</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">
</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"> <i>Paving
Alaska’s Trails, The Work of the Alaska Road Commission</i>. Claus-M. Naske.
University Press of America. 1986.</span></div>
</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">
</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"> <i>Standard
Catalog of Farm Tractors, 1890 – 1980</i>. C. H. Wendel. Krause Publications. 2000.</span></div>
</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">
</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><i>Stanley
Dayo, Manley Hot Springs – A Biography</i>. Yukon-Koyukuk School District. Spirit
Mountain Press. 1985.</span></div>
</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">
</span></div>
Ray Bonnellhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15460854741609901809noreply@blogger.com0